integration.texi

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@cindex singular functions, numerical integration of
The QAWS algorithm is designed for integrands with algebraic-logarithmic
singularities at the end-points of an integration region.  In order to
work efficiently the algorithm requires a precomputed table of
Chebyshev moments.

@deftypefun {gsl_integration_qaws_table *} gsl_integration_qaws_table_alloc (double @var{alpha}, double @var{beta}, int @var{mu}, int @var{nu})

This function allocates space for a @code{gsl_integration_qaws_table}
struct and associated workspace describing a singular weight function
@math{W(x)} with the parameters @math{(\alpha, \beta, \mu, \nu)},

@tex
\beforedisplay
$$
W(x) = (x - a)^\alpha (b - x)^\beta \log^\mu (x - a) \log^\nu (b - x)
$$
\afterdisplay
@end tex
@ifinfo
@example
W(x) = (x-a)^alpha (b-x)^beta log^mu (x-a) log^nu (b-x)
@end example
@end ifinfo

@noindent
where @math{\alpha > -1}, @math{\beta > -1}, and @math{\mu = 0, 1},
@math{\nu = 0, 1}.  The weight function can take four different forms
depending on the values of @math{\mu} and @math{\nu},

@tex
\beforedisplay
$$
\matrix{
W(x) = (x - a)^\alpha (b - x)^\beta  
                                                \hfill~ (\mu = 0, \nu = 0) \cr
W(x) = (x - a)^\alpha (b - x)^\beta \log(x - a) 
                                                \hfill~ (\mu = 1, \nu = 0) \cr
W(x) = (x - a)^\alpha (b - x)^\beta \log(b - x) 
                                                \hfill~ (\mu = 0, \nu = 1) \cr
W(x) = (x - a)^\alpha (b - x)^\beta \log(x - a) \log(b - x) 
                                                \hfill~ (\mu = 1, \nu = 1)
}
$$
\afterdisplay
@end tex
@ifinfo
@example
W(x) = (x-a)^alpha (b-x)^beta                   (mu = 0, nu = 0)
W(x) = (x-a)^alpha (b-x)^beta log(x-a)          (mu = 1, nu = 0)
W(x) = (x-a)^alpha (b-x)^beta log(b-x)          (mu = 0, nu = 1)
W(x) = (x-a)^alpha (b-x)^beta log(x-a) log(b-x) (mu = 1, nu = 1)
@end example
@end ifinfo

@noindent
The singular points @math{(a,b)} do not have to be specified until the
integral is computed, where they are the endpoints of the integration
range.

The function returns a pointer to the newly allocated
@code{gsl_integration_qaws_table} if no errors were detected, and 0 in
the case of error.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int gsl_integration_qaws_table_set (gsl_integration_qaws_table * @var{t}, double @var{alpha}, double @var{beta}, int @var{mu}, int @var{nu})
This function modifies the parameters @math{(\alpha, \beta, \mu, \nu)} of
an existing @code{gsl_integration_qaws_table} struct @var{t}.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun void gsl_integration_qaws_table_free (gsl_integration_qaws_table * @var{t})
This function frees all the memory associated with the
@code{gsl_integration_qaws_table} struct @var{t}.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int gsl_integration_qaws (gsl_function * @var{f}, const double @var{a}, const double @var{b}, gsl_integration_qaws_table * @var{t}, const double @var{epsabs}, const double @var{epsrel}, const size_t @var{limit}, gsl_integration_workspace * @var{workspace}, double *@var{result}, double *@var{abserr})

This function computes the integral of the function @math{f(x)} over the
interval @math{(a,b)} with the singular weight function
@math{(x-a)^\alpha (b-x)^\beta \log^\mu (x-a) \log^\nu (b-x)}.  The parameters 
of the weight function @math{(\alpha, \beta, \mu, \nu)} are taken from the
table @var{t}.  The integral is,

@tex
\beforedisplay
$$
I = \int_a^b dx\, f(x) (x - a)^\alpha (b - x)^\beta 
        \log^\mu (x - a) \log^\nu (b - x).
$$
\afterdisplay
@end tex
@ifinfo
@example
I = \int_a^b dx f(x) (x-a)^alpha (b-x)^beta log^mu (x-a) log^nu (b-x).
@end example
@end ifinfo
@noindent
The adaptive bisection algorithm of QAG is used.  When a subinterval
contains one of the endpoints then a special 25-point modified
Clenshaw-Curtis rule is used to control the singularities.  For
subintervals which do not include the endpoints an ordinary 15-point
Gauss-Kronrod integration rule is used.

@end deftypefun

@node  QAWO adaptive integration for oscillatory functions
@section QAWO adaptive integration for oscillatory functions
@cindex oscillatory functions, numerical integration of
The QAWO algorithm is designed for integrands with an oscillatory
factor, @math{\sin(\omega x)} or @math{\cos(\omega x)}.  In order to
work efficiently the algorithm requires a table of Chebyshev moments
which must be pre-computed with calls to the functions below.

@deftypefun {gsl_integration_qawo_table *} gsl_integration_qawo_table_alloc (double @var{omega}, double @var{L}, enum gsl_integration_qawo_enum @var{sine}, size_t @var{n})

This function allocates space for a @code{gsl_integration_qawo_table}
struct and its associated workspace describing a sine or cosine weight
function @math{W(x)} with the parameters @math{(\omega, L)},

@tex
\beforedisplay
$$
\eqalign{
W(x) & = \left\{\matrix{\sin(\omega x) \cr \cos(\omega x)} \right\}
}
$$
\afterdisplay
@end tex
@ifinfo
@example
W(x) = sin(omega x)
W(x) = cos(omega x)
@end example
@end ifinfo

@noindent
The parameter @var{L} must be the length of the interval over which the
function will be integrated @math{L = b - a}.  The choice of sine or
cosine is made with the parameter @var{sine} which should be chosen from
one of the two following symbolic values:

@example
GSL_INTEG_COSINE
GSL_INTEG_SINE
@end example

@noindent
The @code{gsl_integration_qawo_table} is a table of the trigonometric
coefficients required in the integration process.  The parameter @var{n}
determines the number of levels of coefficients that are computed.  Each
level corresponds to one bisection of the interval @math{L}, so that
@var{n} levels are sufficient for subintervals down to the length
@math{L/2^n}.  The integration routine @code{gsl_integration_qawo}
returns the error @code{GSL_ETABLE} if the number of levels is
insufficient for the requested accuracy.

@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int gsl_integration_qawo_table_set (gsl_integration_qawo_table * @var{t}, double @var{omega}, double @var{L}, enum gsl_integration_qawo_enum @var{sine})
This function changes the parameters @var{omega}, @var{L} and @var{sine}
of the existing workspace @var{t}.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int gsl_integration_qawo_table_set_length (gsl_integration_qawo_table * @var{t}, double @var{L})
This function allows the length parameter @var{L} of the workspace
@var{t} to be changed.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun void gsl_integration_qawo_table_free (gsl_integration_qawo_table * @var{t})
This function frees all the memory associated with the workspace @var{t}.
@end deftypefun

@deftypefun int gsl_integration_qawo (gsl_function * @var{f}, const double @var{a}, const double @var{epsabs}, const double @var{epsrel}, const size_t @var{limit}, gsl_integration_workspace * @var{workspace}, gsl_integration_qawo_table * @var{wf}, double *@var{result}, double *@var{abserr})

This function uses an adaptive algorithm to compute the integral of
@math{f} over @math{(a,b)} with the weight function 
@math{\sin(\omega x)} or @math{\cos(\omega x)} defined 
by the table @var{wf},

@tex
\beforedisplay
$$
\eqalign{
I & = \int_a^b dx\, f(x) \left\{ \matrix{\sin(\omega x) \cr \cos(\omega x)}\right\}
}
$$
\afterdisplay
@end tex
@ifinfo
@example
I = \int_a^b dx f(x) sin(omega x)
I = \int_a^b dx f(x) cos(omega x)
@end example
@end ifinfo

@noindent
The results are extrapolated using the epsilon-algorithm to accelerate
the convergence of the integral.  The function returns the final
approximation from the extrapolation, @var{result}, and an estimate of
the absolute error, @var{abserr}.  The subintervals and their results are
stored in the memory provided by @var{workspace}.  The maximum number of
subintervals is given by @var{limit}, which may not exceed the allocated
size of the workspace.

Those subintervals with ``large'' widths @math{d}, @math{d\omega > 4} are
computed using a 25-point Clenshaw-Curtis integration rule, which handles the
oscillatory behavior.  Subintervals with a ``small'' width
@math{d\omega < 4} are computed using a 15-point Gauss-Kronrod integration.

@end deftypefun

@node  QAWF adaptive integration for Fourier integrals
@section QAWF adaptive integration for Fourier integrals
@cindex Fourier integrals, numerical

@deftypefun int gsl_integration_qawf (gsl_function * @var{f}, const double @var{a}, const double @var{epsabs}, const size_t @var{limit}, gsl_integration_workspace * @var{workspace}, gsl_integration_workspace * @var{cycle_workspace}, gsl_integration_qawo_table * @var{wf}, double *@var{result}, double *@var{abserr})

This function attempts to compute a Fourier integral of the function
@var{f} over the semi-infinite interval @math{[a,+\infty)}.

@tex
\beforedisplay
$$
\eqalign{
I & = \int_a^{+\infty} dx\, f(x) \left\{ \matrix{ \sin(\omega x) \cr
                                                 \cos(\omega x) } \right\}
}
$$
\afterdisplay
@end tex
@ifinfo
@example
I = \int_a^@{+\infty@} dx f(x) sin(omega x)
I = \int_a^@{+\infty@} dx f(x) cos(omega x)
@end example
@end ifinfo

The parameter @math{\omega} is taken from the table @var{wf} (the length
@var{L} can take any value, since it is overridden by this function to a
value appropriate for the fourier integration).  The integral is computed
using the QAWO algorithm over each of the subintervals,

@tex
\beforedisplay
$$
\eqalign{
C_1 & = [a, a + c] \cr
C_2 & = [a + c, a + 2c] \cr
\dots & = \dots \cr
C_k & = [a + (k-1) c, a + k c]
}
$$
\afterdisplay
@end tex
@ifinfo
@example
C_1 = [a, a + c]
C_2 = [a + c, a + 2 c]
... = ...
C_k = [a + (k-1) c, a + k c]
@end example
@end ifinfo

@noindent
where 
@c{$c = (2 \,\hbox{floor}(|\omega|) + 1) \pi/|\omega|$}
@math{c = (2 floor(|\omega|) + 1) \pi/|\omega|}.  The width @math{c} is
chosen to cover an odd number of periods so that the contributions from
the intervals alternate in sign and are monotonically decreasing when
@var{f} is positive and monotonically decreasing.  The sum of this
sequence of contributions is accelerated using the epsilon-algorithm.

This function works to an overall absolute tolerance of
@var{abserr}.  The following strategy is used: on each interval
@math{C_k} the algorithm tries to achieve the tolerance

@tex
\beforedisplay
$$
TOL_k = u_k \hbox{\it abserr}
$$
\afterdisplay
@end tex
@ifinfo
@example
TOL_k = u_k abserr
@end example
@end ifinfo

@noindent
where 
@c{$u_k = (1 - p)p^{k-1}$}
@math{u_k = (1 - p)p^@{k-1@}} and @math{p = 9/10}.  
The sum of the geometric series of contributions from each interval
gives an overall tolerance of @var{abserr}.

If the integration of a subinterval leads to difficulties then the
accuracy requirement for subsequent intervals is relaxed,

@tex
\beforedisplay
$$
TOL_k = u_k \max(\hbox{\it abserr}, \max_{i<k}\{E_i\})
$$
\afterdisplay
@end tex
@ifinfo
@example
TOL_k = u_k max(abserr, max_@{i<k@}@{E_i@})
@end example
@end ifinfo

@noindent
where @math{E_k} is the estimated error on the interval @math{C_k}.

The subintervals and their results are stored in the memory provided by
@var{workspace}.  The maximum number of subintervals is given by
@var{limit}, which may not exceed the allocated size of the workspace.
The integration over each subinterval uses the memory provided by
@var{cycle_workspace} as workspace for the QAWO algorithm.

@end deftypefun

@node Numerical integration error codes
@section Error codes

In addition to the standard error codes for invalid arguments the
functions can return the following values,

@table @code
@item GSL_EMAXITER
the maximum number of subdivisions was exceeded.
@item GSL_EROUND
cannot reach tolerance because of roundoff error,
or roundoff error was detected in the extrapolation table.
@item GSL_ESING  
a non-integrable singularity or other bad integrand behavior was found
in the integration interval.
@item GSL_EDIVERGE
the integral is divergent, or too slowly convergent to be integrated
numerically.
@end table

@node Numerical integration examples
@section Examples

The integrator @code{QAGS} will handle a large class of definite
integrals.  For example, consider the following integral, which has a
algebraic-logarithmic singularity at the origin,

@tex
\beforedisplay
$$
\int_0^1 x^{-1/2} \log(x) \,dx = -4
$$
\afterdisplay
@end tex
@ifinfo
@example
\int_0^1 x^@{-1/2@} log(x) dx = -4
@end example
@end ifinfo

@noindent
The program below computes this integral to a relative accuracy bound of
@code{1e-7}.

@example
@verbatiminclude examples/integration.c
@end example

@noindent
The results below show that the desired accuracy is achieved after 8
subdivisions. 

@example
bash$ ./a.out 
@verbatiminclude examples/integration.out
@end example

@noindent
In fact, the extrapolation procedure used by @code{QAGS} produces an
accuracy of almost twice as many digits.  The error estimate returned by
the extrapolation procedure is larger than the actual error, giving a
margin of safety of one order of magnitude.


@node Numerical integration References and Further Reading
@section References and Further Reading

@noindent
The following book is the definitive reference for @sc{quadpack}, and was
written by the original authors.  It provides descriptions of the
algorithms, program listings, test programs and examples.  It also
includes useful advice on numerical integration and many references to
the numerical integration literature used in developing @sc{quadpack}.

@itemize @asis
@item
R. Piessens, E. de Doncker-Kapenga, C.W. Uberhuber, D.K. Kahaner.
@cite{@sc{quadpack} A subroutine package for automatic integration}
Springer Verlag, 1983.
@end itemize
@noindent