traceroute.cc

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/***************************************************************************
 * traceroute.cc -- Parallel multi-protocol traceroute feature             *
 *                                                                         *
 ***********************IMPORTANT NMAP LICENSE TERMS************************
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/*
 * Written by Eddie Bell <[e-mail]> as part of SoC2006
 * A multi-protocol parallel traceroute implementation for nmap.
 *
 * For more information on how traceroutes work:
 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traceroute
 *
 * Traceroute takes in a list of scanned targets and determines a valid
 * responsive port to trace to based on the scan results, scan protocol and 
 * various pieces of protocol data.
 *
 * Nmap first sends a probe to the target port, from the reply traceroute is able
 * to infer how many hops away the target is. Nmap starts the trace by sending 
 * a packet with a TTL equal to that of the hop distance guess. If it gets an 
 * ICMP_TTL_EXCEEDED message back it know the hop distance guess was under so
 * nmap will continue sending probes with incremental TTLs until it receives a
 * reply from the target host.
 *
 * Once a reply from the host is received nmap sets the TTL to one below the 
 * hop guess and continues to send probes with decremental TTLs until it reaches
 * TTL 0. Then we have a complete trace to the target. If nmap does not get a 
 * hop distance probe reply, the trace TTL starts at one and is incremented 
 * until it hits the target host.
 *
 * Forwards/Backwards tracing example
 *  hop guess:20
 *  send:20  --> ICMP_TTL_EXCEEDED
 *  send:21  --> ICMP_TTL_EXCEEDED
 *  send:22  --> Reply from host
 *  send:19  --> ICMP_TTL_EXCEEDED
 *  ....
 *  send:1   --> ICMP_TTL_EXCEEDED
 *
 * The forward/backwards tracing method seems a little convoluted at first but 
 * there is a reason for it. The first host traced in a Target group is
 * designated as the reference trace. All other traces 
 * (once they have reached their destination host)  are compared against the
 * reference trace. If a match is found the trace is ended prematurely and the 
 * remaining hops are assumed to be the same as the reference trace. This 
 * normally only happens in the lower TTls, which rarely change. On average nmap
 * sends 5 less packets per host. If nmap is tracing related hosts 
 * (EG. 1.2.3.0/24) it will send a lot less packets. Depending on the network 
 * topology it may only have to send a single packet to each host.
 *   
 * Nmap's traceroute employs a dynamic timing model similar to nmap's scanning engine
 * but a little more light weight. It keeps track of sent, received and dropped
 * packet, then adjusts timing parameters accordingly. The parameters are; number of
 * retransmissions, delay between each sent packet and the amount of time to wait 
 * for a reply. They are initially based on the timing level (-T0 to -T5). 
 * Traceroute also has to watch out for rate-limiting of ICMP TTL EXCEEDED
 * messages, sometimes there is nothing we can do and just have to settle with a
 * timedout hop.
 *
 * The output from each trace is consolidated to save space, XML logging and debug
 * mode ignore consolidation. There are two type of consolidation time-out and 
 * reference trace.
 *
 * Timed out
 *  23  ... 24 no response
 *
 * Reference trace
 *   Hops 1-10 are the same as for X.X.X.X
 *
 * Traceroute does not work with connect scans or idle scans and has trouble
 * with ICMP_TIMESTAMP and ICMP_ADDRESSMASK scans because so many host filter 
 * them out. The quickest seems to be SYN scan.
 *
 * Bugs
 * ----
 *  o The code, currently, only works with ipv4.
 *  o Should send both UDP and TCP hop distance probes no matter what the
 *    scan protocol
 */

#include "traceroute.h"
#include "NmapOps.h"
#include "NmapOutputTable.h"
#include "nmap_tty.h"
#include "nmap_dns.h"
#include "osscan2.h"
#include "protocols.h"
#include "timing.h"
#include "utils.h"
#include <algorithm>
#include <stdlib.h>

using namespace std;
extern NmapOps o;

static void enforce_scan_delay (struct timeval *, int);
static char *hostStr (u32 ip);

/* Each target group has a single reference trace. All
 * other traces are compared to it and if a match is
 * found the trace is ended prematurely and the 
 * remaining hops are assumed to match the reference
 * trace */
unsigned long commonPath[MAX_TTL + 1];

Traceroute::Traceroute (const char *device_name, devtype type) {
    fd = -1;
    ethsd = NULL;
    hops = NULL;
    pd = NULL;
    total_size = 0;
    memset(&ref_ipaddr, '\0', sizeof(struct in_addr));
    cp_flag = 0;

    if(type == devt_loopback) 
        return;

    /* open various socks to send and read from on windows and 
     * unix */
    if ((o.sendpref & PACKET_SEND_ETH) && type == devt_ethernet) {
        /* We'll send ethernet packets with dnet */
        ethsd = eth_open_cached (device_name);
        if (ethsd == NULL)
            fatal ("dnet: Failed to open device %s", device_name);
    } else {
        if ((fd = socket (AF_INET, SOCK_RAW, IPPROTO_RAW)) < 0)
            pfatal ("Traceroute: socket troubles");
        broadcast_socket (fd);
#ifndef WIN32
        sethdrinclude (fd);
#endif
    }

    /* rely on each group using the same device */
    pd = my_pcap_open_live (device_name, 100, o.spoofsource ? 1 : 0, 2);

    scaninfo.initial_proto = IPPROTO_IP;
    scaninfo.open_response = 0;
    scaninfo.open_state = PORT_OPEN;
    scaninfo.closed_state = PORT_CLOSED;

    /* Set up which protocols, tcp flags and responsive
     * states to use with the current scan type.
     *
     * Horribly messy but it is better then peppering
     * the nmap source code with references to traceroute */
    if (o.synscan) {
        scaninfo.scan_flags = TH_SYN;
        scaninfo.open_response = TH_SYN | TH_ACK;
        scaninfo.closed_response = TH_RST;
    } else if (o.ackscan) {
        scaninfo.scan_flags = TH_ACK;
        scaninfo.open_response = TH_RST;
        scaninfo.closed_response = TH_RST;
        scaninfo.open_state = PORT_UNFILTERED;
        scaninfo.closed_state = PORT_UNFILTERED;
    } else if (o.finscan) {
        scaninfo.scan_flags = TH_FIN;
        scaninfo.closed_response = TH_RST;
    } else if (o.xmasscan) {
        scaninfo.scan_flags = TH_FIN | TH_URG | TH_PUSH;
        scaninfo.closed_response = TH_RST;
    } else if (o.nullscan) {
        scaninfo.scan_flags = 0;
        scaninfo.closed_response = TH_RST;
    } else if (o.windowscan) {
        scaninfo.scan_flags = TH_ACK;
        scaninfo.open_response = TH_RST;
        scaninfo.closed_response = TH_RST;
    } else if (o.maimonscan) {
        scaninfo.scan_flags = TH_FIN | TH_ACK;
        scaninfo.open_response = TH_RST;
        scaninfo.closed_response = TH_RST;
    }

    if (o.udpscan)
        scaninfo.initial_proto = IPPROTO_UDP;
    if (o.synscan || o.finscan || o.xmasscan || o.nullscan ||
        o.ackscan || o.windowscan || o.maimonscan)
        scaninfo.initial_proto = IPPROTO_TCP;

    if(o.pingscan) {
        scaninfo.open_state = HOST_UP;
        if (o.pingtype & PINGTYPE_TCP_USE_SYN) {
            scaninfo.scan_flags = TH_SYN;
            scaninfo.open_response = TH_SYN | TH_ACK;
            scaninfo.closed_response = TH_RST;
            scaninfo.initial_proto = IPPROTO_TCP;
        } else if (o.pingtype & PINGTYPE_TCP_USE_ACK) {
            scaninfo.scan_flags = TH_ACK;
            scaninfo.open_response = TH_RST;
            scaninfo.closed_response = TH_RST;
            scaninfo.initial_proto = IPPROTO_TCP;
        } else if (o.pingtype & PINGTYPE_UDP) {
            scaninfo.initial_proto = IPPROTO_UDP;
        } else if (o.pingtype & PINGTYPE_ICMP_PING) {
            scaninfo.initial_proto = IPPROTO_ICMP;
            scaninfo.icmp_type = ICMP_ECHO;
        } else if (o.pingtype & PINGTYPE_ICMP_TS) {
            scaninfo.initial_proto = IPPROTO_ICMP;
            scaninfo.icmp_type = ICMP_TIMESTAMP;
        } else if(o.pingtype & PINGTYPE_ICMP_MASK) {
            scaninfo.initial_proto = IPPROTO_ICMP;
            scaninfo.icmp_type = ICMP_ADDRESS;
        }
    }

    if (o.scanflags != -1)
        scaninfo.scan_flags = o.scanflags;
    memset (commonPath, 0, sizeof (commonPath));
}

Traceroute::~Traceroute () {
    map < u32, TraceGroup * >::iterator it = TraceGroups.begin ();
    while ((--total_size) >= 0) 
        delete(hops[total_size]);
    if(hops)
        free(hops);
    for (; it != TraceGroups.end (); ++it)
        delete (it->second);
    if (ethsd)
        ethsd = NULL;
    if (fd != -1)
        close (fd);
    if(pd)
        pcap_close (pd);
}

/* get an open or closed port from the portlist. Traceroute requires a positive response, 
 * positive responses are generated by different port states depending on the type of scan */
inline int
Traceroute::getTracePort (u8 proto, Target * t) {
    u16 open_port = 1;
    u16 closed_port = 1;
    u16 filtered_port = 1;
    u16 state = 0;
    u16 port = 0;
    struct Port *np;

    /* Use the first specified port for ping traceroutes */
    if (o.pingscan) {
        if (o.pingtype & PINGTYPE_TCP_USE_SYN)
            return o.ping_synprobes[0];
        else if (o.pingtype & PINGTYPE_TCP_USE_ACK)
            return o.ping_ackprobes[0];
        else if (o.pingtype & PINGTYPE_UDP)
            return o.ping_udpprobes[0];
        else
            return 0;
    }

    if (proto == IPPROTO_TCP) {
        /* can't use filtered ports for tcp */
        filtered_port = 0;
        open_port = (!scaninfo.open_response) ? 0 : 1;
    }

    /* First we try to find an open port, if not we try to find a closed
     * port and lastly we try to find a filtered port */
    if (open_port && t->ports.getStateCounts (proto, scaninfo.open_state))
        state = scaninfo.open_state;
    else if (closed_port && t->ports.getStateCounts (proto, scaninfo.closed_state))
        state = scaninfo.closed_state;
    else if (filtered_port && t->ports.getStateCounts (proto, PORT_FILTERED)) {
        state = PORT_FILTERED;
        if (o.verbose)
            log_write (LOG_PLAIN, "%s: only filtered %s available, results may be incorrect\n",
                       t->targetipstr (), o.ipprotscan ? "protocols" : "ports");
    } else {
        return -1;
    }

    np = t->ports.nextPort (NULL, proto, state);
    if (!np)
      return -1;

    port = np->portno;

    /* If this is a protocol scan traceroute and we are using
     * one of the major protocols, set up the required information
     * so we include the correct protocol headers */
    if (proto == IPPROTO_IP) {
        if (port == IPPROTO_TCP) {
            scaninfo.initial_proto = IPPROTO_TCP;