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\begin{center}
  {\Large LAPACK Working Note 81\\
  Quick Installation Guide for LAPACK on Unix Systems\footnote{This work was
 supported by NSF Grant No. ASC-8715728  and NSF Grant No. 0444486}}
\end{center}
\begin{center}
%  Edward Anderson\footnote{Current address:  Cray Research Inc.,
%                           655F Lone Oak Drive, Eagan, MN  55121},
  Authors and Jack Dongarra\\
  Department of Computer Science \\
  University of Tennessee \\
  Knoxville, Tennessee  37996-1301 \\
\end{center}
\begin{center}
  REVISED:  VERSION 3.1.1, February 2007
\end{center}

\begin{center}
Abstract
\end{center}
This working note describes how to install, and test version 3.1.1
of LAPACK, a linear algebra package for high-performance
computers, on a Unix System.  The timing routines are not actually included in
release 3.1.1, and that part of the LAWN refers to release 3.0. 
Non-Unix installation instructions and
further details of the testing and timing suites are only contained in
LAPACK Working Note 41, and not in this abbreviated version.
%Separate instructions are provided for the Unix and non-Unix
%versions of the test package.
%Further details are also given on the design of the test and timing
%programs. 
\newpage

\tableofcontents

\newpage
% Introduction to Implementation Guide

\section{Introduction}

LAPACK is a linear algebra library for high-performance
computers.
The library includes Fortran 77 subroutines for 
the analysis and solution of systems of simultaneous linear algebraic
equations, linear least-squares problems, and matrix eigenvalue
problems.
Our approach to achieving high efficiency is based on the use of
a standard set of Basic Linear Algebra Subprograms (the BLAS),
which can be optimized for each computing environment.
By confining most of the computational work to the BLAS,
the subroutines should be 
transportable and efficient across a wide range of computers.

This working note describes how to install, test, and time this
release of LAPACK on a Unix System.

The instructions for installing, testing, and timing 
\footnote{timing are only provided in LAPACK 3.0 and before} 
are designed for a person whose
responsibility is the maintenance of a mathematical software library.
We assume the installer has experience in compiling and running 
Fortran programs and in creating object libraries.
The installation process involves untarring the file, creating a set of
libraries, and compiling and running the test and timing programs 
\footnotemark[\value{footnote}]. 

%This guide combines the instructions for the Unix and non-Unix
%versions of the LAPACK test package (the non-Unix version is in Appendix
%~\ref{appendixe}).
%At this time, the non-Unix version of LAPACK can only be obtained
%after first untarring the Unix tar tape and then following the instructions in
%Appendix ~\ref{appendixe}.

Section~\ref{fileformat} describes how the files are organized in the
file, and
Section~\ref{overview} gives a general overview of the parts of the test package.
Step-by-step instructions appear in Section~\ref{installation}.
%for the Unix version and in the appendix for the non-Unix version.

For users desiring additional information, please refer to LAPACK
Working Note 41.
% Sections~\ref{moretesting}
%and ~\ref{moretiming} give
%details of the test and timing programs and their input files.
%Appendices ~\ref{appendixa} and ~\ref{appendixb} briefly describe 
%the LAPACK routines and auxiliary routines provided
%in this release.  
%Appendix ~\ref{appendixc} lists the operation counts we have computed 
%for the BLAS and for some of the LAPACK routines.
Appendix ~\ref{appendixd}, entitled ``Caveats'', is a compendium of the known 
problems from our own experiences, with suggestions on how to 
overcome them.

\textbf{It is strongly advised that the user read Appendix
A before proceeding with the installation process.}
%Appendix E contains the execution times of the different test
%and timing runs on two sample machines.
%Appendix ~\ref{appendixe} contains the instructions to install LAPACK on a non-Unix
%system.

\section{Revisions Since the First Public Release}

Since its first public release in February, 1992, LAPACK has had
several updates, which have encompassed the introduction of new routines
as well as extending the functionality of existing routines.  The first
update,
June 30, 1992, was version 1.0a; the second update, October 31, 1992,
was version 1.0b; the third update, March 31, 1993, was version 1.1;
version 2.0 on September 30, 1994, coincided with the release of the
Second Edition of the LAPACK Users' Guide; 
version 3.0 on June 30, 1999 coincided with the release of the Third Edition of
the LAPACK Users' Guide; 
version 3.1 was released on November, 2006.
and finally version 3.1.1 was released on November, 2007.

All LAPACK routines reflect the current version number with the date
on the routine indicating when it was last modified.
For more information on revisions in the latest release, please refer
to the \texttt{revisions.info} file in the lapack directory on netlib.
\begin{quote}
\url{http://www.netlib.org/lapack/revisions.info}
\end{quote}

%The distribution \texttt{tar} file \texttt{lapack.tar.z} that is
%available on netlib is always the most up-to-date.
%
%On-line manpages (troff files) for LAPACK driver and computational
%routines, as well as most of the BLAS routines, are available via 
%the \texttt{lapack} index on netlib.

\section{File Format}\label{fileformat}

The software for LAPACK is distributed in the form of a
gzipped tar file (via anonymous ftp or the World Wide Web),
which contains the Fortran source for LAPACK,
the Basic Linear Algebra Subprograms
(the Level 1, 2, and 3 BLAS) needed by LAPACK, the testing programs,
and the timing programs\footnotemark[\value{footnote}]. 
Users who wish to have a non-Unix installation should refer to LAPACK
Working Note 41,
although the overview in section~\ref{overview} applies to both the Unix and non-Unix
versions.
%Users who wish to have a non-Unix installation should go to Appendix ~\ref{appendixe},
%although the overview in section ~\ref{overview} applies to both the Unix and non-Unix
%versions.

The package may be accessed via the World Wide Web through
the URL address:
\begin{quote}
\url{http://www.netlib.org/lapack/lapack.tgz}
\end{quote}

Or, you can retrieve the file via anonymous ftp at netlib:

\begin{verbatim}
     ftp ftp.netlib.org
     login:  anonymous
     password:  <your email address>
     cd lapack
     binary
     get lapack.tgz
     quit
\end{verbatim}

The software in the \texttt{tar} file
is organized in a number of essential directories as shown
in Figure 1.  Please note that this figure does not reflect everything
that is contained in the \texttt{LAPACK} directory.  Input and instructional
files are also located at various levels.
\begin{figure}
\vspace{11pt}
\centerline{\includegraphics[width=6.5in,height=3in]{org2.ps}}
\caption{Unix organization of LAPACK 3.0}
\vspace{11pt}
\end{figure}
Libraries are created in the LAPACK directory and 
executable files are created in one of the directories BLAS, TESTING,
or TIMING\footnotemark[\value{footnote}].  Input files for the test and 
timing\footnotemark[\value{footnote}]  programs are also
found in these three directories so that testing may be carried out
in the directories LAPACK/BLAS, LAPACK/TESTING, and LAPACK/TIMING \footnotemark[\value{footnote}].
A top-level makefile in the LAPACK directory is provided to perform the 
entire installation procedure.

\section{Overview of Tape Contents}\label{overview}

Most routines in LAPACK occur in four versions: REAL,
DOUBLE PRECISION, COMPLEX, and COMPLEX*16.
The first three versions (REAL, DOUBLE PRECISION, and COMPLEX)
are written in standard Fortran 77 and are completely portable;
the COMPLEX*16 version is provided for
those compilers which allow this data type.  
For convenience, we often refer to routines by their single precision
names; the leading `S' can be replaced by a `D' for double precision,
a `C' for complex, or a `Z' for complex*16.  
For LAPACK use and testing you must decide which version(s)
of the package you intend to install at your site (for example,
REAL and COMPLEX on a Cray computer or DOUBLE PRECISION and
COMPLEX*16 on an IBM computer).

\subsection{LAPACK Routines}

There are three classes of LAPACK routines:
\begin{itemize}

\item \textbf{driver} routines solve a complete problem, such as solving
a system of linear equations or computing the eigenvalues of a real
symmetric matrix.  Users are encouraged to use a driver routine if there
is one that meets their requirements.  The driver routines are listed
in LAPACK Working Note 41~\cite{WN41} and the LAPACK Users' Guide~\cite{LUG}.
%in Appendix ~\ref{appendixa}.

\item \textbf{computational} routines, also called simply LAPACK routines,
perform a distinct computational task, such as computing
the $LU$ decomposition of an $m$-by-$n$ matrix or finding the
eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a symmetric tridiagonal matrix using
the $QR$ algorithm. 
The LAPACK routines are listed in LAPACK Working Note 41~\cite{WN41}
and the LAPACK Users' Guide~\cite{LUG}.
%The LAPACK routines are listed in Appendix ~\ref{appendixa}; see also LAPACK
%Working Note \#5 \cite{WN5}.

\item \textbf{auxiliary} routines are all the other subroutines called
by the driver routines and computational routines.  
%Among them are subroutines to perform subtasks of block algorithms,
%in particular, the unblocked versions of the block algorithms;
%extensions to the BLAS, such as matrix-vector operations involving
%complex symmetric matrices;
%the special routines LSAME and XERBLA which first appeared with the
%BLAS;
%and a number of routines to perform common low-level computations,
%such as computing a matrix norm, generating an elementary Householder
%transformation, and applying a sequence of plane rotations.
%Many of the auxiliary routines may be of use to numerical analysts
%or software developers, so we have documented the Fortran source for
%these routines with the same level of detail used for the LAPACK
%routines and driver routines.
The auxiliary routines are listed in LAPACK Working Note 41~\cite{WN41}
and the LAPACK Users' Guide~\cite{LUG}.
%The auxiliary routines are listed in Appendix ~\ref{appendixb}.
\end{itemize}

\subsection{Level 1, 2, and 3 BLAS}

The BLAS are a set of Basic Linear Algebra Subprograms that perform
vector-vector, matrix-vector, and matrix-matrix operations. 
LAPACK is designed around the Level 1, 2, and 3 BLAS, and nearly all
of the parallelism in the LAPACK routines is contained in the BLAS.
Therefore,
the key to getting good performance from LAPACK lies in having an
efficient version of the BLAS optimized for your particular machine. 
Optimized BLAS libraries are available on a variety of architectures,
refer to the BLAS FAQ on netlib for further information.
\begin{quote}
\url{http://www.netlib.org/blas/faq.html}
\end{quote}
There are also freely available BLAS generators that automatically
tune a subset of the BLAS for a given architecture.  E.g.,
\begin{quote}
\url{http://www.netlib.org/atlas/}
\end{quote}
And, if all else fails, there is the Fortran~77 reference implementation
of the Level 1, 2, and 3 BLAS available on netlib (also included in
the LAPACK distribution tar file).
\begin{quote}
\url{http://www.netlib.org/blas/blas.tgz}
\end{quote}
No matter which BLAS library is used, the BLAS test programs should
always be run.

Users should not expect too much from the Fortran~77 reference implementation
BLAS; these versions were written to define the basic operations and do not
employ the standard tricks for optimizing Fortran code.

The formal definitions of the Level 1, 2, and 3 BLAS
are in \cite{BLAS1}, \cite{BLAS2}, and \cite{BLAS3}. 
The BLAS Quick Reference card is available on netlib.

\subsection{LAPACK Test Routines}

This release contains two distinct test programs for LAPACK routines
in each data type.  One test program tests the routines for solving
linear equations and linear least squares problems,
and the other tests routines for the matrix eigenvalue problem.
The routines for generating test matrices are used by both test
programs and are compiled into a library for use by both test programs.

\subsection{LAPACK Timing Routines (for LAPACK 3.0 and before) }