intrinsic.texi

理解和实践操作系统的一本好书

This will cause the external routine @var{handler_print} to be called
after 3 seconds.
@end table



@node ALL
@section @code{ALL} --- All values in @var{MASK} along @var{DIM} are true 
@fnindex ALL
@cindex array, apply condition
@cindex array, condition testing

@table @asis
@item @emph{Description}:
@code{ALL(MASK [, DIM])} determines if all the values are true in @var{MASK}
in the array along dimension @var{DIM}.

@item @emph{Standard}:
F95 and later

@item @emph{Class}:
Transformational function

@item @emph{Syntax}:
@code{RESULT = ALL(MASK [, DIM])}

@item @emph{Arguments}:
@multitable @columnfractions .15 .70
@item @var{MASK} @tab The type of the argument shall be @code{LOGICAL(*)} and
it shall not be scalar.
@item @var{DIM}  @tab (Optional) @var{DIM} shall be a scalar integer
with a value that lies between one and the rank of @var{MASK}.
@end multitable

@item @emph{Return value}:
@code{ALL(MASK)} returns a scalar value of type @code{LOGICAL(*)} where
the kind type parameter is the same as the kind type parameter of
@var{MASK}.  If @var{DIM} is present, then @code{ALL(MASK, DIM)} returns
an array with the rank of @var{MASK} minus 1.  The shape is determined from
the shape of @var{MASK} where the @var{DIM} dimension is elided. 

@table @asis
@item (A)
@code{ALL(MASK)} is true if all elements of @var{MASK} are true.
It also is true if @var{MASK} has zero size; otherwise, it is false.
@item (B)
If the rank of @var{MASK} is one, then @code{ALL(MASK,DIM)} is equivalent
to @code{ALL(MASK)}.  If the rank is greater than one, then @code{ALL(MASK,DIM)}
is determined by applying @code{ALL} to the array sections.
@end table

@item @emph{Example}:
@smallexample
program test_all
  logical l
  l = all((/.true., .true., .true./))
  print *, l
  call section
  contains
    subroutine section
      integer a(2,3), b(2,3)
      a = 1
      b = 1
      b(2,2) = 2
      print *, all(a .eq. b, 1)
      print *, all(a .eq. b, 2)
    end subroutine section
end program test_all
@end smallexample
@end table



@node ALLOCATED
@section @code{ALLOCATED} --- Status of an allocatable entity
@fnindex ALLOCATED
@cindex allocation, status

@table @asis
@item @emph{Description}:
@code{ALLOCATED(X)} checks the status of whether @var{X} is allocated.

@item @emph{Standard}:
F95 and later

@item @emph{Class}:
Inquiry function

@item @emph{Syntax}:
@code{RESULT = ALLOCATED(X)}

@item @emph{Arguments}:
@multitable @columnfractions .15 .70
@item @var{X}    @tab The argument shall be an @code{ALLOCATABLE} array.
@end multitable

@item @emph{Return value}:
The return value is a scalar @code{LOGICAL} with the default logical
kind type parameter.  If @var{X} is allocated, @code{ALLOCATED(X)}
is @code{.TRUE.}; otherwise, it returns @code{.FALSE.} 

@item @emph{Example}:
@smallexample
program test_allocated
  integer :: i = 4
  real(4), allocatable :: x(:)
  if (allocated(x) .eqv. .false.) allocate(x(i))
end program test_allocated
@end smallexample
@end table



@node AND
@section @code{AND} --- Bitwise logical AND
@fnindex AND
@cindex bitwise logical and
@cindex logical and, bitwise

@table @asis
@item @emph{Description}:
Bitwise logical @code{AND}.

This intrinsic routine is provided for backwards compatibility with 
GNU Fortran 77.  For integer arguments, programmers should consider
the use of the @ref{IAND} intrinsic defined by the Fortran standard.

@item @emph{Standard}:
GNU extension

@item @emph{Class}:
Function

@item @emph{Syntax}:
@code{RESULT = AND(I, J)}

@item @emph{Arguments}:
@multitable @columnfractions .15 .70
@item @var{I} @tab The type shall be either @code{INTEGER(*)} or @code{LOGICAL}.
@item @var{J} @tab The type shall be either @code{INTEGER(*)} or @code{LOGICAL}.
@end multitable

@item @emph{Return value}:
The return type is either @code{INTEGER(*)} or @code{LOGICAL} after
cross-promotion of the arguments. 

@item @emph{Example}:
@smallexample
PROGRAM test_and
  LOGICAL :: T = .TRUE., F = .FALSE.
  INTEGER :: a, b
  DATA a / Z'F' /, b / Z'3' /

  WRITE (*,*) AND(T, T), AND(T, F), AND(F, T), AND(F, F)
  WRITE (*,*) AND(a, b)
END PROGRAM
@end smallexample

@item @emph{See also}:
F95 elemental function: @ref{IAND}
@end table



@node ANINT
@section @code{ANINT} --- Nearest whole number
@fnindex ANINT
@fnindex DNINT
@cindex ceiling
@cindex rounding, ceiling

@table @asis
@item @emph{Description}:
@code{ANINT(X [, KIND])} rounds its argument to the nearest whole number.

@item @emph{Standard}:
F77 and later

@item @emph{Class}:
Elemental function

@item @emph{Syntax}:
@code{RESULT = ANINT(X [, KIND])}

@item @emph{Arguments}:
@multitable @columnfractions .15 .70
@item @var{X}    @tab The type of the argument shall be @code{REAL(*)}.
@item @var{KIND} @tab (Optional) An @code{INTEGER(*)} initialization
                      expression indicating the kind parameter of
		      the result.
@end multitable

@item @emph{Return value}:
The return value is of type real with the kind type parameter of the
argument if the optional @var{KIND} is absent; otherwise, the kind
type parameter will be given by @var{KIND}.  If @var{X} is greater than
zero, then @code{ANINT(X)} returns @code{AINT(X+0.5)}.  If @var{X} is
less than or equal to zero, then it returns @code{AINT(X-0.5)}.

@item @emph{Example}:
@smallexample
program test_anint
  real(4) x4
  real(8) x8
  x4 = 1.234E0_4
  x8 = 4.321_8
  print *, anint(x4), dnint(x8)
  x8 = anint(x4,8)
end program test_anint
@end smallexample

@item @emph{Specific names}:
@multitable @columnfractions .20 .20 .20 .25
@item Name            @tab Argument         @tab Return type      @tab Standard
@item @code{DNINT(X)} @tab @code{REAL(8) X} @tab @code{REAL(8)}   @tab F77 and later
@end multitable
@end table



@node ANY
@section @code{ANY} --- Any value in @var{MASK} along @var{DIM} is true 
@fnindex ANY
@cindex array, apply condition
@cindex array, condition testing

@table @asis
@item @emph{Description}:
@code{ANY(MASK [, DIM])} determines if any of the values in the logical array
@var{MASK} along dimension @var{DIM} are @code{.TRUE.}.

@item @emph{Standard}:
F95 and later

@item @emph{Class}:
Transformational function

@item @emph{Syntax}:
@code{RESULT = ANY(MASK [, DIM])}

@item @emph{Arguments}:
@multitable @columnfractions .15 .70
@item @var{MASK} @tab The type of the argument shall be @code{LOGICAL(*)} and
it shall not be scalar.
@item @var{DIM}  @tab (Optional) @var{DIM} shall be a scalar integer
with a value that lies between one and the rank of @var{MASK}.
@end multitable

@item @emph{Return value}:
@code{ANY(MASK)} returns a scalar value of type @code{LOGICAL(*)} where
the kind type parameter is the same as the kind type parameter of
@var{MASK}.  If @var{DIM} is present, then @code{ANY(MASK, DIM)} returns
an array with the rank of @var{MASK} minus 1.  The shape is determined from
the shape of @var{MASK} where the @var{DIM} dimension is elided. 

@table @asis
@item (A)
@code{ANY(MASK)} is true if any element of @var{MASK} is true;
otherwise, it is false.  It also is false if @var{MASK} has zero size.
@item (B)
If the rank of @var{MASK} is one, then @code{ANY(MASK,DIM)} is equivalent
to @code{ANY(MASK)}.  If the rank is greater than one, then @code{ANY(MASK,DIM)}
is determined by applying @code{ANY} to the array sections.
@end table

@item @emph{Example}:
@smallexample
program test_any
  logical l
  l = any((/.true., .true., .true./))
  print *, l
  call section
  contains
    subroutine section
      integer a(2,3), b(2,3)
      a = 1
      b = 1
      b(2,2) = 2
      print *, any(a .eq. b, 1)
      print *, any(a .eq. b, 2)
    end subroutine section
end program test_any
@end smallexample
@end table



@node ASIN
@section @code{ASIN} --- Arcsine function 
@fnindex ASIN
@fnindex DASIN
@cindex trigonometric function, sine, inverse
@cindex sine, inverse

@table @asis
@item @emph{Description}:
@code{ASIN(X)} computes the arcsine of its @var{X} (inverse of @code{SIN(X)}).

@item @emph{Standard}:
F77 and later

@item @emph{Class}:
Elemental function

@item @emph{Syntax}:
@code{RESULT = ASIN(X)}

@item @emph{Arguments}:
@multitable @columnfractions .15 .70
@item @var{X} @tab The type shall be @code{REAL(*)}, and a magnitude that is
less than one.
@end multitable

@item @emph{Return value}:
The return value is of type @code{REAL(*)} and it lies in the
range @math{-\pi / 2 \leq \asin (x) \leq \pi / 2}.  The kind type
parameter is the same as @var{X}.

@item @emph{Example}:
@smallexample
program test_asin
  real(8) :: x = 0.866_8
  x = asin(x)
end program test_asin
@end smallexample

@item @emph{Specific names}:
@multitable @columnfractions .20 .20 .20 .25
@item Name            @tab Argument          @tab Return type       @tab Standard
@item @code{DASIN(X)} @tab @code{REAL(8) X}  @tab @code{REAL(8)}    @tab F77 and later
@end multitable

@item @emph{See also}:
Inverse function: @ref{SIN}

@end table



@node ASINH
@section @code{ASINH} --- Hyperbolic arcsine function
@fnindex ASINH
@fnindex DASINH
@cindex area hyperbolic sine
@cindex hyperbolic arcsine
@cindex hyperbolic function, sine, inverse
@cindex sine, hyperbolic, inverse

@table @asis
@item @emph{Description}:
@code{ASINH(X)} computes the hyperbolic arcsine of @var{X} (inverse of @code{SINH(X)}).

@item @emph{Standard}:
GNU extension

@item @emph{Class}:
Elemental function

@item @emph{Syntax}:
@code{RESULT = ASINH(X)}

@item @emph{Arguments}:
@multitable @columnfractions .15 .70
@item @var{X} @tab The type shall be @code{REAL(*)}, with @var{X} a real number.
@end multitable

@item @emph{Return value}:
The return value is of type @code{REAL(*)} and it lies in the
range @math{-\infty \leq \asinh (x) \leq \infty}.

@item @emph{Example}:
@smallexample
PROGRAM test_asinh
  REAL(8), DIMENSION(3) :: x = (/ -1.0, 0.0, 1.0 /)
  WRITE (*,*) ASINH(x)
END PROGRAM
@end smallexample

@item @emph{Specific names}:
@multitable @columnfractions .20 .20 .20 .25
@item Name             @tab Argument          @tab Return type       @tab Standard
@item @code{DASINH(X)} @tab @code{REAL(8) X}  @tab @code{REAL(8)}    @tab GNU extension.
@end multitable

@item @emph{See also}:
Inverse function: @ref{SINH}
@end table



@node ASSOCIATED
@section @code{ASSOCIATED} --- Status of a pointer or pointer/target pair 
@fnindex ASSOCIATED
@cindex pointer, status
@cindex association status

@table @asis
@item @emph{Description}:
@code{ASSOCIATED(PTR [, TGT])} determines the status of the pointer @var{PTR}
or if @var{PTR} is associated with the target @var{TGT}.

@item @emph{Standard}:
F95 and later

@item @emph{Class}:
Inquiry function

@item @emph{Syntax}:
@code{RESULT = ASSOCIATED(PTR [, TGT])}

@item @emph{Arguments}:
@multitable @columnfractions .15 .70
@item @var{PTR} @tab @var{PTR} shall have the @code{POINTER} attribute and
it can be of any type.
@item @var{TGT} @tab (Optional) @var{TGT} shall be a @code{POINTER} or
a @code{TARGET}.  It must have the same type, kind type parameter, and
array rank as @var{PTR}.
@end multitable
The status of neither @var{PTR} nor @var{TGT} can be undefined.

@item @emph{Return value}:
@code{ASSOCIATED(PTR)} returns a scalar value of type @code{LOGICAL(4)}.
There are several cases:
@table @asis
@item (A) If the optional @var{TGT} is not present, then @code{ASSOCIATED(PTR)}
is true if @var{PTR} is associated with a target; otherwise, it returns false.
@item (B) If @var{TGT} is present and a scalar target, the result is true if
@var{TGT}
is not a 0 sized storage sequence and the target associated with @var{PTR}
occupies the same storage units.  If @var{PTR} is disassociated, then the 
result is false.