gfortran.texi

理解和实践操作系统的一本好书

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@setfilename gfortran.info
@set copyrights-gfortran 1999-2007

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@settitle The GNU Fortran Compiler

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@copying
Copyright @copyright{} @value{copyrights-gfortran} Free Software Foundation, Inc.

Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or
any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the
Invariant Sections being ``GNU General Public License'' and ``Funding
Free Software'', the Front-Cover
texts being (a) (see below), and with the Back-Cover Texts being (b)
(see below).  A copy of the license is included in the section entitled
``GNU Free Documentation License''.

(a) The FSF's Front-Cover Text is:

     A GNU Manual

(b) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is:

     You have freedom to copy and modify this GNU Manual, like GNU
     software.  Copies published by the Free Software Foundation raise
     funds for GNU development.
@end copying

@ifinfo
@dircategory Software development
@direntry
* gfortran: (gfortran).                  The GNU Fortran Compiler.
@end direntry
This file documents the use and the internals of
the GNU Fortran compiler, (@command{gfortran}).

Published by the Free Software Foundation
51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor
Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA

@insertcopying
@end ifinfo


@setchapternewpage odd
@titlepage
@title Using GNU Fortran
@versionsubtitle
@author The @t{gfortran} team
@page
@vskip 0pt plus 1filll
Published by the Free Software Foundation@*
51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor@*
Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA@*
@c Last printed ??ber, 19??.@*
@c Printed copies are available for $? each.@*
@c ISBN ???
@sp 1
@insertcopying
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@c TODO: The following "Part" definitions are included here temporarily
@c until they are incorporated into the official Texinfo distribution.

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@page

@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------
@c TexInfo table of contents.
@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------

@ifnottex
@node Top
@top Introduction
@cindex Introduction

This manual documents the use of @command{gfortran}, 
the GNU Fortran compiler. You can find in this manual how to invoke
@command{gfortran}, as well as its features and incompatibilities.

@ifset DEVELOPMENT
@emph{Warning:} This document, and the compiler it describes, are still
under development.  While efforts are made to keep it up-to-date, it might
not accurately reflect the status of the most recent GNU Fortran compiler.
@end ifset

@comment
@comment  When you add a new menu item, please keep the right hand
@comment  aligned to the same column.  Do not use tabs.  This provides
@comment  better formatting.
@comment
@menu
* Introduction::

Part I: Invoking GNU Fortran
* Invoking GNU Fortran:: Command options supported by @command{gfortran}.
* Runtime::              Influencing runtime behavior with environment variables.

Part II: Language Reference
* Fortran 2003 status::  Fortran 2003 features supported by GNU Fortran.
* Extensions::           Language extensions implemented by GNU Fortran.
* Intrinsic Procedures:: Intrinsic procedures supported by GNU Fortran.
* Intrinsic Modules::    Intrinsic modules supported by GNU Fortran.

* Contributing::         How you can help.
* Copying::              GNU General Public License says
                         how you can copy and share GNU Fortran.
* GNU Free Documentation License::
		         How you can copy and share this manual.
* Funding::              How to help assure continued work for free software.
* Option Index::         Index of command line options
* Keyword Index::        Index of concepts
@end menu
@end ifnottex

@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------
@c Introduction
@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------

@node Introduction
@chapter Introduction

@c The following duplicates the text on the TexInfo table of contents.
@iftex
This manual documents the use of @command{gfortran}, the GNU Fortran
compiler. You can find in this manual how to invoke @command{gfortran},
as well as its features and incompatibilities.

@ifset DEVELOPMENT
@emph{Warning:} This document, and the compiler it describes, are still
under development.  While efforts are made to keep it up-to-date, it
might not accurately reflect the status of the most recent GNU Fortran
compiler.
@end ifset
@end iftex

The GNU Fortran compiler front end was
designed initially as a free replacement for,
or alternative to, the unix @command{f95} command;
@command{gfortran} is the command you'll use to invoke the compiler.

@menu
* About GNU Fortran::    What you should know about the GNU Fortran compiler.
* GNU Fortran and GCC::  You can compile Fortran, C, or other programs.
* Preprocessing and conditional compilation:: The Fortran preprocessor
* GNU Fortran and G77::  Why we chose to start from scratch.
* Project Status::       Status of GNU Fortran, roadmap, proposed extensions.
* Standards::	         Standards supported by GNU Fortran.
@end menu


@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------
@c About GNU Fortran
@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------

@node About GNU Fortran
@section About GNU Fortran

The GNU Fortran compiler is still in an early state of development.
It can generate code for most constructs and expressions,
but much work remains to be done.

When the GNU Fortran compiler is finished,
it will do everything you expect from any decent compiler: 

@itemize @bullet
@item
Read a user's program,
stored in a file and containing instructions written
in Fortran 77, Fortran 90, Fortran 95 or Fortran 2003.
This file contains @dfn{source code}.

@item
Translate the user's program into instructions a computer
can carry out more quickly than it takes to translate the
instructions in the first
place.  The result after compilation of a program is
@dfn{machine code},
code designed to be efficiently translated and processed
by a machine such as your computer.
Humans usually aren't as good writing machine code
as they are at writing Fortran (or C++, Ada, or Java),
because is easy to make tiny mistakes writing machine code.

@item
Provide the user with information about the reasons why
the compiler is unable to create a binary from the source code.
Usually this will be the case if the source code is flawed.
When writing Fortran, it is easy to make big mistakes.
The Fortran 90 requires that the compiler can point out
mistakes to the user.
An incorrect usage of the language causes an @dfn{error message}.

The compiler will also attempt to diagnose cases where the
user's program contains a correct usage of the language,
but instructs the computer to do something questionable.
This kind of diagnostics message is called a @dfn{warning message}.

@item
Provide optional information about the translation passes
from the source code to machine code.
This can help a user of the compiler to find the cause of
certain bugs which may not be obvious in the source code,
but may be more easily found at a lower level compiler output.
It also helps developers to find bugs in the compiler itself.

@item
Provide information in the generated machine code that can
make it easier to find bugs in the program (using a debugging tool,
called a @dfn{debugger}, such as the GNU Debugger @command{gdb}). 

@item
Locate and gather machine code already generated to
perform actions requested by statements in the user's program.
This machine code is organized into @dfn{modules} and is located
and @dfn{linked} to the user program. 
@end itemize

The GNU Fortran compiler consists of several components:

@itemize @bullet
@item
A version of the @command{gcc} command
(which also might be installed as the system's @command{cc} command)
that also understands and accepts Fortran source code.
The @command{gcc} command is the @dfn{driver} program for
all the languages in the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC);
With @command{gcc},
you can compile the source code of any language for
which a front end is available in GCC.

@item
The @command{gfortran} command itself,
which also might be installed as the
system's @command{f95} command.
@command{gfortran} is just another driver program,
but specifically for the Fortran compiler only.
The difference with @command{gcc} is that @command{gfortran}
will automatically link the correct libraries to your program.

@item
A collection of run-time libraries.
These libraries contain the machine code needed to support
capabilities of the Fortran language that are not directly
provided by the machine code generated by the
@command{gfortran} compilation phase,
such as intrinsic functions and subroutines,
and routines for interaction with files and the operating system.
@c and mechanisms to spawn,
@c unleash and pause threads in parallelized code.

@item
The Fortran compiler itself, (@command{f951}).
This is the GNU Fortran parser and code generator,
linked to and interfaced with the GCC backend library.
@command{f951} ``translates'' the source code to
assembler code.  You would typically not use this
program directly;
instead, the @command{gcc} or @command{gfortran} driver
programs will call it for you.
@end itemize


@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------
@c GNU Fortran and GCC
@c ---------------------------------------------------------------------

@node GNU Fortran and GCC
@section GNU Fortran and GCC
@cindex GNU Compiler Collection
@cindex GCC

GNU Fortran is a part of GCC, the @dfn{GNU Compiler Collection}.  GCC
consists of a collection of front ends for various languages, which
translate the source code into a language-independent form called
@dfn{GENERIC}.  This is then processed by a common middle end which
provides optimization, and then passed to one of a collection of back
ends which generate code for different computer architectures and
operating systems.

Functionally, this is implemented with a driver program (@command{gcc})
which provides the command-line interface for the compiler.  It calls
the relevant compiler front-end program (e.g., @command{f951} for