dbd::oracle.3

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.\" ========================================================================
.\"
.IX Title "Oracle 3"
.TH Oracle 3 "2007-12-11" "perl v5.10.0" "User Contributed Perl Documentation"
.\" For nroff, turn off justification.  Always turn off hyphenation; it makes
.\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.
.if n .ad l
.nh
.SH "NAME"
DBD::Oracle \- Oracle database driver for the DBI module
.SH "SYNOPSIS"
.IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
.Vb 1
\&  use DBI;
\&
\&  $dbh = DBI\->connect("dbi:Oracle:$dbname", $user, $passwd);
\&
\&  $dbh = DBI\->connect("dbi:Oracle:host=$host;sid=$sid", $user, $passwd);
\&
\&  # See the DBI module documentation for full details
\&
\&  # for some advanced uses you may need Oracle type values:
\&  use DBD::Oracle qw(:ora_types);
.Ve
.SH "DESCRIPTION"
.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
DBD::Oracle is a Perl module which works with the \s-1DBI\s0 module to provide
access to Oracle databases.
.SH "CONNECTING TO ORACLE"
.IX Header "CONNECTING TO ORACLE"
This is a topic which often causes problems. Mainly due to Oracle's many
and sometimes complex ways of specifying and connecting to databases.
(James Taylor and Lane Sharman have contributed much of the text in
this section.)
.Sh "Connecting without environment variables or tnsnames.ora file"
.IX Subsection "Connecting without environment variables or tnsnames.ora file"
If you use the \f(CW\*(C`host=$host;sid=$sid\*(C'\fR style syntax, for example:
.PP
.Vb 1
\&  $dbh = DBI\->connect("dbi:Oracle:host=myhost.com;sid=ORCL", $user, $passwd);
.Ve
.PP
then DBD::Oracle will construct a full connection descriptor string
for you and Oracle will not need to consult the tnsnames.ora file.
.PP
If a \f(CW\*(C`port\*(C'\fR number is not specified then the descriptor will try both
1526 and 1521 in that order (e.g., new then old).  You can check which
port(s) are in use by typing \*(L"$ORACLE_HOME/bin/lsnrctl stat\*(R" on the server.
.Sh "Oracle Environment Variables"
.IX Subsection "Oracle Environment Variables"
Oracle typically uses two environment variables to specify default
connections: \s-1ORACLE_SID\s0 and \s-1TWO_TASK\s0.
.PP
\&\s-1ORACLE_SID\s0 is really unnecessary to set since \s-1TWO_TASK\s0 provides the
same functionality in addition to allowing remote connections.
.PP
.Vb 2
\&  % setenv TWO_TASK T:hostname:ORACLE_SID            # for csh shell
\&  $ TWO_TASK=T:hostname:ORACLE_SID export TWO_TASK   # for sh shell
\&
\&  % sqlplus username/password
.Ve
.PP
Note that if you have *both* local and remote databases, and you
have \s-1ORACLE_SID\s0 *and* \s-1TWO_TASK\s0 set, and you don't specify a fully
qualified connect string on the command line, \s-1TWO_TASK\s0 takes precedence
over \s-1ORACLE_SID\s0 (i.e. you get connected to remote system).
.PP
.Vb 1
\&  TWO_TASK=P:sid
.Ve
.PP
will use the pipe driver for local connections using SQL*Net v1.
.PP
.Vb 1
\&  TWO_TASK=T:machine:sid
.Ve
.PP
will use \s-1TCP/IP\s0 (or D for \s-1DECNET\s0, etc.) for remote SQL*Net v1 connection.
.PP
.Vb 1
\&  TWO_TASK=dbname
.Ve
.PP
will use the info stored in the SQL*Net v2 \fItnsnames.ora\fR
configuration file for local or remote connections.
.PP
The \s-1ORACLE_HOME\s0 environment variable should be set correctly.
In general, the value used should match the version of Oracle that
was used to build DBD::Oracle.  If using dynamic linking then
\&\s-1ORACLE_HOME\s0 should match the version of Oracle that will be used
to load in the Oracle client libraries (via \s-1LD_LIBRARY_PATH\s0, ldconfig,
or similar on Unix).
.PP
\&\s-1ORACLE_HOME\s0 can be left unset if you aren't using any of Oracle's
executables, but it is \fInot\fR recommended and error messages may not display.
It should be set to the \s-1ORACLE_HOME\s0 directory of the version of Oracle
that DBD::Oracle was compiled with.
.PP
Discouraging the use of \s-1ORACLE_SID\s0 makes it easier on the users to see
what is going on. (It's unfortunate that \s-1TWO_TASK\s0 couldn't be renamed,
since it makes no sense to the end user, and doesn't have the \s-1ORACLE\s0 prefix).
.Sh "Connection Examples Using DBD::Oracle"
.IX Subsection "Connection Examples Using DBD::Oracle"
First, how to connect to a local database \fIwithout\fR using a Listener:
.PP
.Vb 1
\&  $dbh = DBI\->connect(\*(Aqdbi:Oracle:SID\*(Aq,\*(Aqscott\*(Aq, \*(Aqtiger\*(Aq);
.Ve
.PP
you can also leave the \s-1SID\s0 empty:
.PP
.Vb 1
\&  $dbh = DBI\->connect(\*(Aqdbi:Oracle:\*(Aq,\*(Aqscott\*(Aq, \*(Aqtiger\*(Aq);
.Ve
.PP
in which case Oracle client code will use the \s-1ORACLE_SID\s0 environment
variable (if \s-1TWO_TASK\s0 env var isn't defined).
.PP
Below are various ways of connecting to an oracle database using
SQL*Net 1.x and SQL*Net 2.x.  \*(L"Machine\*(R" is the computer the database is
running on, \*(L"\s-1SID\s0\*(R" is the \s-1SID\s0 of the database, \*(L"\s-1DB\s0\*(R" is the SQL*Net 2.x
connection descriptor for the database.
.PP
\&\fBNote:\fR Some of these formats may not work with Oracle 8+.
.PP
.Vb 7
\&  BEGIN {
\&     $ENV{ORACLE_HOME} = \*(Aq/home/oracle/product/7.x.x\*(Aq;
\&     $ENV{TWO_TASK}    = \*(AqDB\*(Aq;
\&  }
\&  $dbh = DBI\->connect(\*(Aqdbi:Oracle:\*(Aq,\*(Aqscott\*(Aq, \*(Aqtiger\*(Aq);
\&  #  \- or \-
\&  $dbh = DBI\->connect(\*(Aqdbi:Oracle:\*(Aq,\*(Aqscott/tiger\*(Aq);
.Ve
.PP
Refer to your Oracle documentation for valid values of \s-1TWO_TASK\s0.
.PP
Here are some variations (not setting \s-1TWO_TASK\s0) in order of preference:
.PP
.Vb 1
\&  $dbh = DBI\->connect(\*(Aqdbi:Oracle:DB\*(Aq,\*(Aqusername\*(Aq,\*(Aqpassword\*(Aq)
\&
\&  $dbh = DBI\->connect(\*(Aqdbi:Oracle:DB\*(Aq,\*(Aqusername/password\*(Aq,\*(Aq\*(Aq)
\&
\&  $dbh = DBI\->connect(\*(Aqdbi:Oracle:\*(Aq,\*(Aqusername@DB\*(Aq,\*(Aqpassword\*(Aq)
\&
\&  $dbh = DBI\->connect(\*(Aqdbi:Oracle:host=foobar;sid=ORCL;port=1521\*(Aq, \*(Aqscott/tiger\*(Aq, \*(Aq\*(Aq)
\&
\&  $dbh = DBI\->connect(\*(Aqdbi:Oracle:\*(Aq, q{scott/tiger@(DESCRIPTION=
\&  (ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=TCP)(HOST= foobar)(PORT=1521))
\&  (CONNECT_DATA=(SID=ORCL)))}, "")
.Ve
.PP
If you are having problems with login taking a long time (>10 secs say)
then you might have tripped up on an Oracle bug. You can try using one
of the ...@DB variants as a workaround. E.g.,
.PP
.Vb 1
\&  $dbh = DBI\->connect(\*(Aq\*(Aq,\*(Aqusername/password@DB\*(Aq,\*(Aq\*(Aq);
.Ve
.PP
On the other hand, that may cause you to trip up on another Oracle bug
that causes alternating connection attempts to fail! (In reality only
a small proportion of people experience these problems.)
.PP
To connect to a local database with a user which has been set-up to
authenticate via the \s-1OS\s0 (\*(L"\s-1ALTER\s0 \s-1USER\s0 username \s-1IDENTIFIED\s0 \s-1EXTERNALLY\s0\*(R"):
.PP
.Vb 1
\&  $dbh = DBI\->connect(\*(Aqdbi:Oracle:\*(Aq,\*(Aq/\*(Aq,\*(Aq\*(Aq);
.Ve
.PP
Note the lack of a connection name (use the \s-1ORACLE_SID\s0 environment
variable). If an explicit \s-1SID\s0 is used you'll probably get an \s-1ORA\-01004\s0 error.
.PP
That only works for local databases. (Authentication to remote Oracle
databases using your unix login name without a password and is possible
but it's not secure and not recommended so not documented here. If you
can't find the information elsewhere then you probably shouldn't be
trying to do it.)
.Sh "Optimizing Oracle's listener"
.IX Subsection "Optimizing Oracle's listener"
[By Lane Sharman <[e-mail]>] I spent a \s-1LOT\s0 of time optimizing
listener.ora and I am including it here for anyone to benefit from. My
connections over tnslistener on the same humble Netra 1 take an average
of 10\-20 milli seconds according to tnsping. If anyone knows how to
make it better, please let me know!
.PP
.Vb 9
\& LISTENER =
\&  (ADDRESS_LIST =
\&    (ADDRESS =
\&      (PROTOCOL = TCP)
\&      (Host = aa.bbb.cc.d)
\&      (Port = 1521)
\&      (QUEUESIZE=10)
\&    )
\&  )
\&
\& STARTUP_WAIT_TIME_LISTENER = 0
\& CONNECT_TIMEOUT_LISTENER = 10
\& TRACE_LEVEL_LISTENER = OFF
\& SID_LIST_LISTENER =