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📄 i18n::langtags::list.3

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.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man 2.16 (Pod::Simple 3.05).\".\" Standard preamble:.\" ========================================================================.de Sh \" Subsection heading.br.if t .Sp.ne 5.PP\fB\\$1\fR.PP...de Sp \" Vertical space (when we can't use .PP).if t .sp .5v.if n .sp...de Vb \" Begin verbatim text.ft CW.nf.ne \\$1...de Ve \" End verbatim text.ft R.fi...\" Set up some character translations and predefined strings.  \*(-- will.\" give an unbreakable dash, \*(PI will give pi, \*(L" will give a left.\" double quote, and \*(R" will give a right double quote.  \*(C+ will.\" give a nicer C++.  Capital omega is used to do unbreakable dashes and.\" therefore won't be available.  \*(C` and \*(C' expand to `' in nroff,.\" nothing in troff, for use with C<>..tr \(*W-.ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p'.ie n \{\.    ds -- \(*W-.    ds PI pi.    if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=24u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-12u'-\" diablo 10 pitch.    if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=20u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-8u'-\"  diablo 12 pitch.    ds L" "".    ds R" "".    ds C` "".    ds C' ""'br\}.el\{\.    ds -- \|\(em\|.    ds PI \(*p.    ds L" ``.    ds R" '''br\}.\".\" Escape single quotes in literal strings from groff's Unicode transform..ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq.el       .ds Aq '.\".\" If the F register is turned on, we'll generate index entries on stderr for.\" titles (.TH), headers (.SH), subsections (.Sh), items (.Ip), and index.\" entries marked with X<> in POD.  Of course, you'll have to process the.\" output yourself in some meaningful fashion..ie \nF \{\.    de IX.    tm Index:\\$1\t\\n%\t"\\$2"...    nr % 0.    rr F.\}.el \{\.    de IX...\}.\".\" Accent mark definitions (@(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2)..\" Fear.  Run.  Save yourself.  No user-serviceable parts..    \" fudge factors for nroff and troff.if n \{\.    ds #H 0.    ds #V .8m.    ds #F .3m.    ds #[ \f1.    ds #] \fP.\}.if t \{\.    ds #H ((1u-(\\\\n(.fu%2u))*.13m).    ds #V .6m.    ds #F 0.    ds #[ \&.    ds #] \&.\}.    \" simple accents for nroff and troff.if n \{\.    ds ' \&.    ds ` \&.    ds ^ \&.    ds , \&.    ds ~ ~.    ds /.\}.if t \{\.    ds ' \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\'\h"|\\n:u".    ds ` \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\`\h'|\\n:u'.    ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'^\h'|\\n:u'.    ds , \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)',\h'|\\n:u'.    ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu-\*(#H-.1m)'~\h'|\\n:u'.    ds / \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\z\(sl\h'|\\n:u'.\}.    \" troff and (daisy-wheel) nroff accents.ds : \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H+.1m+\*(#F)'\v'-\*(#V'\z.\h'.2m+\*(#F'.\h'|\\n:u'\v'\*(#V'.ds 8 \h'\*(#H'\(*b\h'-\*(#H'.ds o \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu+\w'\(de'u-\*(#H)/2u'\v'-.3n'\*(#[\z\(de\v'.3n'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#].ds d- \h'\*(#H'\(pd\h'-\w'~'u'\v'-.25m'\f2\(hy\fP\v'.25m'\h'-\*(#H'.ds D- D\\k:\h'-\w'D'u'\v'-.11m'\z\(hy\v'.11m'\h'|\\n:u'.ds th \*(#[\v'.3m'\s+1I\s-1\v'-.3m'\h'-(\w'I'u*2/3)'\s-1o\s+1\*(#].ds Th \*(#[\s+2I\s-2\h'-\w'I'u*3/5'\v'-.3m'o\v'.3m'\*(#].ds ae a\h'-(\w'a'u*4/10)'e.ds Ae A\h'-(\w'A'u*4/10)'E.    \" corrections for vroff.if v .ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\s-2\u~\d\s+2\h'|\\n:u'.if v .ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'\v'-.4m'^\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u'.    \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr).if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \\{\.    ds : e.    ds 8 ss.    ds o a.    ds d- d\h'-1'\(ga.    ds D- D\h'-1'\(hy.    ds th \o'bp'.    ds Th \o'LP'.    ds ae ae.    ds Ae AE.\}.rm #[ #] #H #V #F C.\" ========================================================================.\".IX Title "I18N::LangTags::List 3".TH I18N::LangTags::List 3 "2007-12-18" "perl v5.10.0" "Perl Programmers Reference Guide".\" For nroff, turn off justification.  Always turn off hyphenation; it makes.\" way too many mistakes in technical documents..if n .ad l.nh.SH "NAME"I18N::LangTags::List \-\- tags and names for human languages.SH "SYNOPSIS".IX Header "SYNOPSIS".Vb 7\&  use I18N::LangTags::List;\&  print "Parlez\-vous... ", join(\*(Aq, \*(Aq,\&      I18N::LangTags::List::name(\*(Aqelx\*(Aq) || \*(Aqunknown_language\*(Aq,\&      I18N::LangTags::List::name(\*(Aqar\-Kw\*(Aq) || \*(Aqunknown_language\*(Aq,\&      I18N::LangTags::List::name(\*(Aqen\*(Aq) || \*(Aqunknown_language\*(Aq,\&      I18N::LangTags::List::name(\*(Aqen\-CA\*(Aq) || \*(Aqunknown_language\*(Aq,\&    ), "?\en";.Ve.PPprints:.PP.Vb 1\&  Parlez\-vous... Elamite, Kuwait Arabic, English, Canadian English?.Ve.SH "DESCRIPTION".IX Header "DESCRIPTION"This module provides a function \&\f(CW\*(C`I18N::LangTags::List::name( \f(CIlangtag\f(CW ) \*(C'\fR that takesa language tag (see I18N::LangTags)and returns the best attempt at an English name for it, orundef if it can't make sense of the tag..PPThe function I18N::LangTags::List::name(...) is not exported..PPThis module also provides a function\&\f(CW\*(C`I18N::LangTags::List::is_decent( \f(CIlangtag\f(CW )\*(C'\fR that returns true iffthe language tag is syntactically valid and is for general use (like\&\*(L"fr\*(R" or \*(L"fr-ca\*(R", below).  That is, it returns false for tags that aresyntactically invalid and for tags, like \*(L"aus\*(R", that are listed inbrackets below.  This function is not exported..PPThe map of tags-to-names that it uses is accessible as\&\f(CW%I18N::LangTags::List::Name\fR, and it's the same as the listthat follows in this documentation, which should be usefulto you even if you don't use this module..SH "ABOUT LANGUAGE TAGS".IX Header "ABOUT LANGUAGE TAGS"Internet language tags, as defined in \s-1RFC\s0 3066, are a formalismfor denoting human languages.  The two-letter \s-1ISO\s0 639\-1 languagecodes are well known (as \*(L"en\*(R" for English), as are their formswhen qualified by a country code (\*(L"en-US\*(R").  Less well-known are thearbitrary-length non-ISO codes (like \*(L"i\-mingo\*(R"), and the recently (in 2001) introduced three-letter \s-1ISO\-639\-2\s0 codes..PPRemember these important facts:.IP "\(bu" 4Language tags are not locale IDs.  A locale \s-1ID\s0 is written with a \*(L"_\*(R"instead of a \*(L"\-\*(R", (almost?) always matches \f(CW\*(C`m/^\ew\ew_\ew\ew\eb/\*(C'\fR, and\&\fImeans\fR something different than a language tag.  A language tagdenotes a language.  A locale \s-1ID\s0 denotes a language \fIas used in\fRa particular place, in combination with non-linguisticlocation-specific information such as what currency is usedthere.  Locales \fIalso\fR often denote character set information,as in \*(L"en_US.ISO8859\-1\*(R"..IP "\(bu" 4Language tags are not for computer languages..IP "\(bu" 4\&\*(L"Dialect\*(R" is not a useful term, since there is no objectivecriterion for establishing when two language-forms aredialects of eachother, or are separate languages..IP "\(bu" 4Language tags are not case-sensitive.  en-US, en-us, En-Us, etc.,are all the same tag, and denote the same language..IP "\(bu" 4Not every language tag really refers to a single language.  Somelanguage tags refer to conditions: i\-default (system-message textin English plus maybe other languages), und (undeterminedlanguage).  Others (notably lots of the three-letter codes) arebibliographic tags that classify whole groups of languages, aswith cus \*(L"Cushitic (Other)\*(R" (i.e., alanguage that has been classed as Cushtic, but which has no morespecific code) or the even less linguistically coherentsai for \*(L"South American Indian (Other)\*(R".  Though useful inbibliography, \fB\s-1SUCH\s0 \s-1TAGS\s0 \s-1ARE\s0 \s-1NOT\s0\&\s-1FOR\s0 \s-1GENERAL\s0 \s-1USE\s0\fR.  For further guidance, email me..IP "\(bu" 4Language tags are not country codes.  In fact, they are oftendistinct codes, as with language tag ja for Japanese, and\&\s-1ISO\s0 3166 country code \f(CW\*(C`.jp\*(C'\fR for Japan..SH "LIST OF LANGUAGES".IX Header "LIST OF LANGUAGES"The first part of each item is the language tag, between{...}.  Itis followed by an English name for the language or language-group.Language tags that I judge to be not for general use, are bracketed..PPThis list is in alphabetical order by English name of the language..IP "{ab} : Abkhazian" 4.IX Item "{ab} : Abkhazian"eq Abkhaz.IP "{ace} : Achinese" 4.IX Item "{ace} : Achinese".PD 0.IP "{ach} : Acoli" 4.IX Item "{ach} : Acoli".IP "{ada} : Adangme" 4.IX Item "{ada} : Adangme".IP "{ady} : Adyghe" 4.IX Item "{ady} : Adyghe".PDeq Adygei.IP "{aa} : Afar" 4.IX Item "{aa} : Afar".PD 0.IP "{afh} : Afrihili" 4.IX Item "{afh} : Afrihili".PD(Artificial).IP "{af} : Afrikaans" 4.IX Item "{af} : Afrikaans".PD 0.IP "[{afa} : Afro-Asiatic (Other)]" 4.IX Item "[{afa} : Afro-Asiatic (Other)]".IP "{ak} : Akan" 4.IX Item "{ak} : Akan".PD(Formerly \*(L"aka\*(R".).IP "{akk} : Akkadian" 4.IX Item "{akk} : Akkadian"(Historical).IP "{sq} : Albanian" 4.IX Item "{sq} : Albanian".PD 0.IP "{ale} : Aleut" 4.IX Item "{ale} : Aleut".IP "[{alg} : Algonquian languages]" 4.IX Item "[{alg} : Algonquian languages]".PD\&\s-1NOT\s0 Algonquin!.IP "[{tut} : Altaic (Other)]" 4.IX Item "[{tut} : Altaic (Other)]".PD 0.IP "{am} : Amharic" 4.IX Item "{am} : Amharic".PD\&\s-1NOT\s0 Aramaic!.IP "{i\-ami} : Ami" 4.IX Item "{i-ami} : Ami"eq Amis.  eq 'Amis.  eq Pangca..IP "[{apa} : Apache languages]" 4.IX Item "[{apa} : Apache languages]".PD 0.IP "{ar} : Arabic" 4.IX Item "{ar} : Arabic".PDMany forms are mutually un-intelligible in spoken media.Notable forms:{ar\-ae} \s-1UAE\s0 Arabic;{ar\-bh} Bahrain Arabic;{ar\-dz} Algerian Arabic;{ar\-eg} Egyptian Arabic;{ar\-iq} Iraqi Arabic;{ar\-jo} Jordanian Arabic;{ar\-kw} Kuwait Arabic;{ar\-lb} Lebanese Arabic;{ar\-ly} Libyan Arabic;{ar\-ma} Moroccan Arabic;{ar\-om} Omani Arabic;{ar\-qa} Qatari Arabic;{ar\-sa} Sauda Arabic;{ar\-sy} Syrian Arabic;{ar\-tn} Tunisian Arabic;{ar\-ye} Yemen Arabic..IP "{arc} : Aramaic" 4.IX Item "{arc} : Aramaic"\&\s-1NOT\s0 Amharic!  \s-1NOT\s0 Samaritan Aramaic!.IP "{arp} : Arapaho" 4.IX Item "{arp} : Arapaho".PD 0.IP "{arn} : Araucanian" 4.IX Item "{arn} : Araucanian".IP "{arw} : Arawak" 4.IX Item "{arw} : Arawak".IP "{hy} : Armenian" 4.IX Item "{hy} : Armenian".IP "{an} : Aragonese" 4.IX Item "{an} : Aragonese".IP "[{art} : Artificial (Other)]" 4.IX Item "[{art} : Artificial (Other)]".IP "{ast} : Asturian" 4.IX Item "{ast} : Asturian".PDeq Bable..IP "{as} : Assamese" 4.IX Item "{as} : Assamese".PD 0.IP "[{ath} : Athapascan languages]" 4.IX Item "[{ath} : Athapascan languages]".PDeq Athabaskan.  eq Athapaskan.  eq Athabascan..IP "[{aus} : Australian languages]" 4.IX Item "[{aus} : Australian languages]".PD 0.IP "[{map} : Austronesian (Other)]" 4.IX Item "[{map} : Austronesian (Other)]".IP "{av} : Avaric" 4.IX Item "{av} : Avaric".PD(Formerly \*(L"ava\*(R".).IP "{ae} : Avestan" 4.IX Item "{ae} : Avestan"eq Zend.IP "{awa} : Awadhi" 4.IX Item "{awa} : Awadhi".PD 0.IP "{ay} : Aymara" 4.IX Item "{ay} : Aymara".IP "{az} : Azerbaijani" 4.IX Item "{az} : Azerbaijani".PDeq Azeri.SpNotable forms:{az\-Arab} Azerbaijani in Arabic script;{az\-Cyrl} Azerbaijani in Cyrillic script;{az\-Latn} Azerbaijani in Latin script..IP "{ban} : Balinese" 4.IX Item "{ban} : Balinese".PD 0.IP "[{bat} : Baltic (Other)]" 4.IX Item "[{bat} : Baltic (Other)]".IP "{bal} : Baluchi" 4.IX Item "{bal} : Baluchi".IP "{bm} : Bambara" 4.IX Item "{bm} : Bambara".PD(Formerly \*(L"bam\*(R".).IP "[{bai} : Bamileke languages]" 4.IX Item "[{bai} : Bamileke languages]".PD 0.IP "{bad} : Banda" 4.IX Item "{bad} : Banda".IP "[{bnt} : Bantu (Other)]" 4.IX Item "[{bnt} : Bantu (Other)]".IP "{bas} : Basa" 4.IX Item "{bas} : Basa".IP "{ba} : Bashkir" 4.IX Item "{ba} : Bashkir".IP "{eu} : Basque" 4.IX Item "{eu} : Basque".IP "{btk} : Batak (Indonesia)" 4.IX Item "{btk} : Batak (Indonesia)".IP "{bej} : Beja" 4.IX Item "{bej} : Beja".IP "{be} : Belarusian" 4.IX Item "{be} : Belarusian".PDeq Belarussian.  eq Byelarussian.eq Belorussian.  eq Byelorussian.eq White Russian.  eq White Ruthenian.\&\s-1NOT\s0 Ruthenian!.IP "{bem} : Bemba" 4.IX Item "{bem} : Bemba".PD 0.IP "{bn} : Bengali" 4.IX Item "{bn} : Bengali".PDeq Bangla..IP "[{ber} : Berber (Other)]" 4.IX Item "[{ber} : Berber (Other)]".PD 0.IP "{bho} : Bhojpuri" 4.IX Item "{bho} : Bhojpuri".IP "{bh} : Bihari" 4.IX Item "{bh} : Bihari".IP "{bik} : Bikol" 4.IX Item "{bik} : Bikol".IP "{bin} : Bini" 4.IX Item "{bin} : Bini".IP "{bi} : Bislama" 4.IX Item "{bi} : Bislama".PDeq Bichelamar..IP "{bs} : Bosnian" 4.IX Item "{bs} : Bosnian".PD 0.IP "{bra} : Braj" 4.IX Item "{bra} : Braj".IP "{br} : Breton" 4.IX Item "{br} : Breton".IP "{bug} : Buginese" 4.IX Item "{bug} : Buginese".IP "{bg} : Bulgarian" 4.IX Item "{bg} : Bulgarian".IP "{i\-bnn} : Bunun" 4.IX Item "{i-bnn} : Bunun".IP "{bua} : Buriat" 4.IX Item "{bua} : Buriat".IP "{my} : Burmese" 4.IX Item "{my} : Burmese".IP "{cad} : Caddo" 4.IX Item "{cad} : Caddo".IP "{car} : Carib" 4.IX Item "{car} : Carib".IP "{ca} : Catalan" 4.IX Item "{ca} : Catalan".PDeq Catala\*'n.  eq Catalonian..IP "[{cau} : Caucasian (Other)]" 4.IX Item "[{cau} : Caucasian (Other)]".PD 0.IP "{ceb} : Cebuano" 4.IX Item "{ceb} : Cebuano".IP "[{cel} : Celtic (Other)]" 4.IX Item "[{cel} : Celtic (Other)]".PDNotable forms:{cel\-gaulish} Gaulish (Historical).IP "[{cai} : Central American Indian (Other)]" 4.IX Item "[{cai} : Central American Indian (Other)]".PD 0.IP "{chg} : Chagatai" 4.IX Item "{chg} : Chagatai".PD(Historical?).IP "[{cmc} : Chamic languages]" 4.IX Item "[{cmc} : Chamic languages]".PD 0.IP "{ch} : Chamorro" 4.IX Item "{ch} : Chamorro".IP "{ce} : Chechen" 4.IX Item "{ce} : Chechen".IP "{chr} : Cherokee" 4.IX Item "{chr} : Cherokee".PDeq Tsalagi.IP "{chy} : Cheyenne" 4.IX Item "{chy} : Cheyenne".PD 0.IP "{chb} : Chibcha" 4.IX Item "{chb} : Chibcha".PD(Historical)  \s-1NOT\s0 Chibchan (which is a language family)..IP "{ny} : Chichewa" 4.IX Item "{ny} : Chichewa"eq Nyanja.  eq Chinyanja..IP "{zh} : Chinese" 4.IX Item "{zh} : Chinese"Many forms are mutually un-intelligible in spoken media.Notable forms:{zh\-Hans} Chinese, in simplified script;{zh\-Hant} Chinese, in traditional script;{zh\-tw} Taiwan Chinese;{zh\-cn} \s-1PRC\s0 Chinese;{zh\-sg} Singapore Chinese;{zh\-mo} Macau Chinese;{zh\-hk} Hong Kong Chinese;{zh\-guoyu} Mandarin [Putonghua/Guoyu];{zh\-hakka} Hakka [formerly \*(L"i\-hakka\*(R"];{zh\-min} Hokkien;{zh\-min\-nan} Southern Hokkien;{zh\-wuu} Shanghaiese;{zh\-xiang} Hunanese;{zh\-gan} Gan;{zh\-yue} Cantonese..IP "{chn} : Chinook Jargon" 4.IX Item "{chn} : Chinook Jargon"eq Chinook Wawa..IP "{chp} : Chipewyan" 4.IX Item "{chp} : Chipewyan".PD 0.IP "{cho} : Choctaw" 4.IX Item "{cho} : Choctaw".IP "{cu} : Church Slavic" 4.IX Item "{cu} : Church Slavic".PDeq Old Church Slavonic..IP "{chk} : Chuukese" 4.IX Item "{chk} : Chuukese"eq Trukese.  eq Chuuk.  eq Truk.  eq Ruk..IP "{cv} : Chuvash" 4.IX Item "{cv} : Chuvash".PD 0.IP "{cop} : Coptic" 4.IX Item "{cop} : Coptic".IP "{kw} : Cornish" 4.IX Item "{kw} : Cornish".IP "{co} : Corsican" 4.IX Item "{co} : Corsican".PDeq Corse..IP "{cr} : Cree" 4.IX Item "{cr} : Cree"\&\s-1NOT\s0 Creek!  (Formerly \*(L"cre\*(R".).IP "{mus} : Creek" 4.IX Item "{mus} : Creek"\&\s-1NOT\s0 Cree!.IP "[{cpe} : English-based Creoles and pidgins (Other)]" 4.IX Item "[{cpe} : English-based Creoles and pidgins (Other)]".PD 0.IP "[{cpf} : French-based Creoles and pidgins (Other)]" 4.IX Item "[{cpf} : French-based Creoles and pidgins (Other)]".IP "[{cpp} : Portuguese-based Creoles and pidgins (Other)]" 4.IX Item "[{cpp} : Portuguese-based Creoles and pidgins (Other)]".IP "[{crp} : Creoles and pidgins (Other)]" 4.IX Item "[{crp} : Creoles and pidgins (Other)]".IP "{hr} : Croatian" 4.IX Item "{hr} : Croatian".PDeq Croat..IP "[{cus} : Cushitic (Other)]" 4.IX Item "[{cus} : Cushitic (Other)]".PD 0.IP "{cs} : Czech" 4.IX Item "{cs} : Czech".IP "{dak} : Dakota" 4.IX Item "{dak} : Dakota".PDeq Nakota.  eq Latoka..IP "{da} : Danish" 4.IX Item "{da} : Danish".PD 0.IP "{dar} : Dargwa" 4.IX Item "{dar} : Dargwa".IP "{day} : Dayak" 4.IX Item "{day} : Dayak".IP "{i\-default} : Default (Fallthru) Language" 4.IX Item "{i-default} : Default (Fallthru) Language".PDDefined in \s-1RFC\s0 2277, this is for tagging text(which must include English text, and might/should include textin other appropriate languages) that is emitted in a contextwhere language-negotiation wasn't possible \*(-- in \s-1SMTP\s0 mail failuremessages, for example..IP "{del} : Delaware" 4.IX Item "{del} : Delaware".PD 0.IP "{din} : Dinka" 4.IX Item "{din} : Dinka".IP "{dv} : Divehi" 4.IX Item "{dv} : Divehi".PDeq Maldivian.  (Formerly \*(L"div\*(R".).IP "{doi} : Dogri" 4.IX Item "{doi} : Dogri"\&\s-1NOT\s0 Dogrib!.IP "{dgr} : Dogrib" 4

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