data::dumper.3

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.\" ========================================================================
.\"
.IX Title "Data::Dumper 3"
.TH Data::Dumper 3 "2007-12-18" "perl v5.10.0" "Perl Programmers Reference Guide"
.\" For nroff, turn off justification.  Always turn off hyphenation; it makes
.\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.
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.SH "NAME"
Data::Dumper \- stringified perl data structures, suitable for both printing and \f(CW\*(C`eval\*(C'\fR
.SH "SYNOPSIS"
.IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
.Vb 1
\&    use Data::Dumper;
\&
\&    # simple procedural interface
\&    print Dumper($foo, $bar);
\&
\&    # extended usage with names
\&    print Data::Dumper\->Dump([$foo, $bar], [qw(foo *ary)]);
\&
\&    # configuration variables
\&    {
\&      local $Data::Dumper::Purity = 1;
\&      eval Data::Dumper\->Dump([$foo, $bar], [qw(foo *ary)]);
\&    }
\&
\&    # OO usage
\&    $d = Data::Dumper\->new([$foo, $bar], [qw(foo *ary)]);
\&       ...
\&    print $d\->Dump;
\&       ...
\&    $d\->Purity(1)\->Terse(1)\->Deepcopy(1);
\&    eval $d\->Dump;
.Ve
.SH "DESCRIPTION"
.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
Given a list of scalars or reference variables, writes out their contents in
perl syntax. The references can also be objects.  The contents of each
variable is output in a single Perl statement.  Handles self-referential
structures correctly.
.PP
The return value can be \f(CW\*(C`eval\*(C'\fRed to get back an identical copy of the
original reference structure.
.PP
Any references that are the same as one of those passed in will be named
\&\f(CW$VAR\fR\fIn\fR (where \fIn\fR is a numeric suffix), and other duplicate references
to substructures within \f(CW$VAR\fR\fIn\fR will be appropriately labeled using arrow
notation.  You can specify names for individual values to be dumped if you
use the \f(CW\*(C`Dump()\*(C'\fR method, or you can change the default \f(CW$VAR\fR prefix to
something else.  See \f(CW$Data::Dumper::Varname\fR and \f(CW$Data::Dumper::Terse\fR
below.
.PP
The default output of self-referential structures can be \f(CW\*(C`eval\*(C'\fRed, but the
nested references to \f(CW$VAR\fR\fIn\fR will be undefined, since a recursive
structure cannot be constructed using one Perl statement.  You should set the
\&\f(CW\*(C`Purity\*(C'\fR flag to 1 to get additional statements that will correctly fill in
these references.  Moreover, if \f(CW\*(C`eval\*(C'\fRed when strictures are in effect,
you need to ensure that any variables it accesses are previously declared.
.PP
In the extended usage form, the references to be dumped can be given
user-specified names.  If a name begins with a \f(CW\*(C`*\*(C'\fR, the output will 
describe the dereferenced type of the supplied reference for hashes and
arrays, and coderefs.  Output of names will be avoided where possible if
the \f(CW\*(C`Terse\*(C'\fR flag is set.
.PP
In many cases, methods that are used to set the internal state of the
object will return the object itself, so method calls can be conveniently
chained together.
.PP
Several styles of output are possible, all controlled by setting
the \f(CW\*(C`Indent\*(C'\fR flag.  See \*(L"Configuration Variables or Methods\*(R" below 
for details.
.Sh "Methods"
.IX Subsection "Methods"
.IP "\fI\s-1PACKAGE\s0\fR\->new(\fI\s-1ARRAYREF\s0 [\fR, \fI\s-1ARRAYREF\s0]\fR)" 4
.IX Item "PACKAGE->new(ARRAYREF [, ARRAYREF])"
Returns a newly created \f(CW\*(C`Data::Dumper\*(C'\fR object.  The first argument is an
anonymous array of values to be dumped.  The optional second argument is an
anonymous array of names for the values.  The names need not have a leading
\&\f(CW\*(C`$\*(C'\fR sign, and must be comprised of alphanumeric characters.  You can begin
a name with a \f(CW\*(C`*\*(C'\fR to specify that the dereferenced type must be dumped
instead of the reference itself, for \s-1ARRAY\s0 and \s-1HASH\s0 references.
.Sp
The prefix specified by \f(CW$Data::Dumper::Varname\fR will be used with a
numeric suffix if the name for a value is undefined.
.Sp
Data::Dumper will catalog all references encountered while dumping the
values. Cross-references (in the form of names of substructures in perl
syntax) will be inserted at all possible points, preserving any structural
interdependencies in the original set of values.  Structure traversal is
depth-first,  and proceeds in order from the first supplied value to
the last.
.ie n .IP "\fI\fI$OBJ\fI\fR\->Dump  \fIor\fR  \fI\s-1PACKAGE\s0\fR\->Dump(\fI\s-1ARRAYREF\s0 [\fR, \fI\s-1ARRAYREF\s0]\fR)" 4
.el .IP "\fI\f(CI$OBJ\fI\fR\->Dump  \fIor\fR  \fI\s-1PACKAGE\s0\fR\->Dump(\fI\s-1ARRAYREF\s0 [\fR, \fI\s-1ARRAYREF\s0]\fR)" 4
.IX Item "$OBJ->Dump  or  PACKAGE->Dump(ARRAYREF [, ARRAYREF])"
Returns the stringified form of the values stored in the object (preserving
the order in which they were supplied to \f(CW\*(C`new\*(C'\fR), subject to the
configuration options below.  In a list context, it returns a list
of strings corresponding to the supplied values.
.Sp
The second form, for convenience, simply calls the \f(CW\*(C`new\*(C'\fR method on its
arguments before dumping the object immediately.
.ie n .IP "\fI\fI$OBJ\fI\fR\->Seen(\fI[\s-1HASHREF\s0]\fR)" 4
.el .IP "\fI\f(CI$OBJ\fI\fR\->Seen(\fI[\s-1HASHREF\s0]\fR)" 4
.IX Item "$OBJ->Seen([HASHREF])"
Queries or adds to the internal table of already encountered references.
You must use \f(CW\*(C`Reset\*(C'\fR to explicitly clear the table if needed.  Such
references are not dumped; instead, their names are inserted wherever they
are encountered subsequently.  This is useful especially for properly
dumping subroutine references.
.Sp
Expects an anonymous hash of name => value pairs.  Same rules apply for names
as in \f(CW\*(C`new\*(C'\fR.  If no argument is supplied, will return the \*(L"seen\*(R" list of
name => value pairs, in a list context.  Otherwise, returns the object
itself.
.ie n .IP "\fI\fI$OBJ\fI\fR\->Values(\fI[\s-1ARRAYREF\s0]\fR)" 4
.el .IP "\fI\f(CI$OBJ\fI\fR\->Values(\fI[\s-1ARRAYREF\s0]\fR)" 4
.IX Item "$OBJ->Values([ARRAYREF])"
Queries or replaces the internal array of values that will be dumped.
When called without arguments, returns the values.  Otherwise, returns the
object itself.
.ie n .IP "\fI\fI$OBJ\fI\fR\->Names(\fI[\s-1ARRAYREF\s0]\fR)" 4
.el .IP "\fI\f(CI$OBJ\fI\fR\->Names(\fI[\s-1ARRAYREF\s0]\fR)" 4
.IX Item "$OBJ->Names([ARRAYREF])"
Queries or replaces the internal array of user supplied names for the values
that will be dumped.  When called without arguments, returns the names.
Otherwise, returns the object itself.
.ie n .IP "\fI\fI$OBJ\fI\fR\->Reset" 4
.el .IP "\fI\f(CI$OBJ\fI\fR\->Reset" 4
.IX Item "$OBJ->Reset"
Clears the internal table of \*(L"seen\*(R" references and returns the object
itself.
.Sh "Functions"
.IX Subsection "Functions"
.IP "Dumper(\fI\s-1LIST\s0\fR)" 4
.IX Item "Dumper(LIST)"
Returns the stringified form of the values in the list, subject to the
configuration options below.  The values will be named \f(CW$VAR\fR\fIn\fR in the
output, where \fIn\fR is a numeric suffix.  Will return a list of strings
in a list context.
.Sh "Configuration Variables or Methods"
.IX Subsection "Configuration Variables or Methods"
Several configuration variables can be used to control the kind of output
generated when using the procedural interface.  These variables are usually
\&\f(CW\*(C`local\*(C'\fRized in a block so that other parts of the code are not affected by
the change.
.PP
These variables determine the default state of the object created by calling
the \f(CW\*(C`new\*(C'\fR method, but cannot be used to alter the state of the object
thereafter.  The equivalent method names should be used instead to query
or set the internal state of the object.
.PP
The method forms return the object itself when called with arguments,
so that they can be chained together nicely.
.IP "\(bu" 4
\&\f(CW$Data::Dumper::Indent\fR  \fIor\fR  \fI\f(CI$OBJ\fI\fR\->Indent(\fI[\s-1NEWVAL\s0]\fR)
.Sp
Controls the style of indentation.  It can be set to 0, 1, 2 or 3.  Style 0
spews output without any newlines, indentation, or spaces between list
items.  It is the most compact format possible that can still be called
valid perl.  Style 1 outputs a readable form with newlines but no fancy
indentation (each level in the structure is simply indented by a fixed
amount of whitespace).  Style 2 (the default) outputs a very readable form
which takes into account the length of hash keys (so the hash value lines
up).  Style 3 is like style 2, but also annotates the elements of arrays
with their index (but the comment is on its own line, so array output
consumes twice the number of lines).  Style 2 is the default.
.IP "\(bu" 4
\&\f(CW$Data::Dumper::Purity\fR  \fIor\fR  \fI\f(CI$OBJ\fI\fR\->Purity(\fI[\s-1NEWVAL\s0]\fR)
.Sp
Controls the degree to which the output can be \f(CW\*(C`eval\*(C'\fRed to recreate the
supplied reference structures.  Setting it to 1 will output additional perl
statements that will correctly recreate nested references.  The default is
0.
.IP "\(bu" 4
\&\f(CW$Data::Dumper::Pad\fR  \fIor\fR  \fI\f(CI$OBJ\fI\fR\->Pad(\fI[\s-1NEWVAL\s0]\fR)
.Sp
Specifies the string that will be prefixed to every line of the output.
Empty string by default.
.IP "\(bu" 4
\&\f(CW$Data::Dumper::Varname\fR  \fIor\fR  \fI\f(CI$OBJ\fI\fR\->Varname(\fI[\s-1NEWVAL\s0]\fR)
.Sp
Contains the prefix to use for tagging variable names in the output. The
default is \*(L"\s-1VAR\s0\*(R".
.IP "\(bu" 4
\&\f(CW$Data::Dumper::Useqq\fR  \fIor\fR  \fI\f(CI$OBJ\fI\fR\->Useqq(\fI[\s-1NEWVAL\s0]\fR)
.Sp
When set, enables the use of double quotes for representing string values.
Whitespace other than space will be represented as \f(CW\*(C`[\en\et\er]\*(C'\fR, \*(L"unsafe\*(R"
characters will be backslashed, and unprintable characters will be output as
quoted octal integers.  Since setting this variable imposes a performance
penalty, the default is 0.  \f(CW\*(C`Dump()\*(C'\fR will run slower if this flag is set,
since the fast \s-1XSUB\s0 implementation doesn't support it yet.
.IP "\(bu" 4
\&\f(CW$Data::Dumper::Terse\fR  \fIor\fR  \fI\f(CI$OBJ\fI\fR\->Terse(\fI[\s-1NEWVAL\s0]\fR)
.Sp
When set, Data::Dumper will emit single, non-self-referential values as
atoms/terms rather than statements.  This means that the \f(CW$VAR\fR\fIn\fR names
will be avoided where possible, but be advised that such output may not