bignum.3

视频监控网络部分的协议ddns,的模块的实现代码,请大家大胆指正.

integer. Negative values mean a fixed number of digits after the dot, while
a positive value rounds to this digit left from the dot. 0 or 1 mean round to
integer. See Math::BigInt's \fIbfround()\fR function for details.
.Sp
.Vb 1
\&        perl \-Mbignum=p,\-50 \-le \*(Aqprint sqrt(20)\*(Aq
.Ve
.Sp
Note that setting precision and accurary at the same time is not possible.
.IP "t or trace" 2
.IX Item "t or trace"
This enables a trace mode and is primarily for debugging bignum or
Math::BigInt/Math::BigFloat.
.IP "l or lib" 2
.IX Item "l or lib"
Load a different math lib, see \*(L"\s-1MATH\s0 \s-1LIBRARY\s0\*(R".
.Sp
.Vb 1
\&        perl \-Mbignum=l,GMP \-e \*(Aqprint 2 ** 512\*(Aq
.Ve
.Sp
Currently there is no way to specify more than one library on the command
line. This means the following does not work:
.Sp
.Vb 1
\&        perl \-Mbignum=l,GMP,Pari \-e \*(Aqprint 2 ** 512\*(Aq
.Ve
.Sp
This will be hopefully fixed soon ;)
.IP "hex" 2
.IX Item "hex"
Override the built-in \fIhex()\fR method with a version that can handle big
integers. Note that under Perl older than v5.9.4, this will be global
and cannot be disabled with \*(L"no bigint;\*(R".
.IP "oct" 2
.IX Item "oct"
Override the built-in \fIoct()\fR method with a version that can handle big
integers. Note that under Perl older than v5.9.4, this will be global
and cannot be disabled with \*(L"no bigint;\*(R".
.IP "v or version" 2
.IX Item "v or version"
This prints out the name and version of all modules used and then exits.
.Sp
.Vb 1
\&        perl \-Mbignum=v
.Ve
.Sh "Methods"
.IX Subsection "Methods"
Beside \fIimport()\fR and \s-1\fIAUTOLOAD\s0()\fR there are only a few other methods.
.PP
Since all numbers are now objects, you can use all functions that are part of
the BigInt or BigFloat \s-1API\s0. It is wise to use only the \fIbxxx()\fR notation, and not
the \fIfxxx()\fR notation, though. This makes it possible that the underlying object
might morph into a different class than BigFloat.
.Sh "Caveats"
.IX Subsection "Caveats"
But a warning is in order. When using the following to make a copy of a number,
only a shallow copy will be made.
.PP
.Vb 2
\&        $x = 9; $y = $x;
\&        $x = $y = 7;
.Ve
.PP
If you want to make a real copy, use the following:
.PP
.Vb 1
\&        $y = $x\->copy();
.Ve
.PP
Using the copy or the original with overloaded math is okay, e.g. the
following work:
.PP
.Vb 2
\&        $x = 9; $y = $x;
\&        print $x + 1, " ", $y,"\en";     # prints 10 9
.Ve
.PP
but calling any method that modifies the number directly will result in
\&\fBboth\fR the original and the copy being destroyed:
.PP
.Vb 2
\&        $x = 9; $y = $x;
\&        print $x\->badd(1), " ", $y,"\en";        # prints 10 10
\&
\&        $x = 9; $y = $x;
\&        print $x\->binc(1), " ", $y,"\en";        # prints 10 10
\&
\&        $x = 9; $y = $x;
\&        print $x\->bmul(2), " ", $y,"\en";        # prints 18 18
.Ve
.PP
Using methods that do not modify, but test the contents works:
.PP
.Vb 2
\&        $x = 9; $y = $x;
\&        $z = 9 if $x\->is_zero();                # works fine
.Ve
.PP
See the documentation about the copy constructor and \f(CW\*(C`=\*(C'\fR in overload, as
well as the documentation in BigInt for further details.
.IP "\fIinf()\fR" 2
.IX Item "inf()"
A shortcut to return Math::BigInt\->\fIbinf()\fR. Useful because Perl does not always
handle bareword \f(CW\*(C`inf\*(C'\fR properly.
.IP "\fINaN()\fR" 2
.IX Item "NaN()"
A shortcut to return Math::BigInt\->\fIbnan()\fR. Useful because Perl does not always
handle bareword \f(CW\*(C`NaN\*(C'\fR properly.
.IP "e" 2
.IX Item "e"
.Vb 1
\&        # perl \-Mbignum=e \-wle \*(Aqprint e\*(Aq
.Ve
.Sp
Returns Euler's number \f(CW\*(C`e\*(C'\fR, aka \fIexp\fR\|(1).
.IP "\s-1\fIPI\s0()\fR" 2
.IX Item "PI()"
.Vb 1
\&        # perl \-Mbignum=PI \-wle \*(Aqprint PI\*(Aq
.Ve
.Sp
Returns \s-1PI\s0.
.IP "\fIbexp()\fR" 2
.IX Item "bexp()"
.Vb 1
\&        bexp($power,$accuracy);
.Ve
.Sp
Returns Euler's number \f(CW\*(C`e\*(C'\fR raised to the appropriate power, to
the wanted accuracy.
.Sp
Example:
.Sp
.Vb 1
\&        # perl \-Mbignum=bexp \-wle \*(Aqprint bexp(1,80)\*(Aq
.Ve
.IP "\fIbpi()\fR" 2
.IX Item "bpi()"
.Vb 1
\&        bpi($accuracy);
.Ve
.Sp
Returns \s-1PI\s0 to the wanted accuracy.
.Sp
Example:
.Sp
.Vb 1
\&        # perl \-Mbignum=bpi \-wle \*(Aqprint bpi(80)\*(Aq
.Ve
.IP "\fIupgrade()\fR" 2
.IX Item "upgrade()"
Return the class that numbers are upgraded to, is in fact returning
\&\f(CW$Math::BigInt::upgrade\fR.
.IP "\fIin_effect()\fR" 2
.IX Item "in_effect()"
.Vb 1
\&        use bignum;
\&
\&        print "in effect\en" if bignum::in_effect;       # true
\&        {
\&          no bignum;
\&          print "in effect\en" if bignum::in_effect;     # false
\&        }
.Ve
.Sp
Returns true or false if \f(CW\*(C`bignum\*(C'\fR is in effect in the current scope.
.Sp
This method only works on Perl v5.9.4 or later.
.Sh "Math Library"
.IX Subsection "Math Library"
Math with the numbers is done (by default) by a module called
Math::BigInt::Calc. This is equivalent to saying:
.PP
.Vb 1
\&        use bignum lib => \*(AqCalc\*(Aq;
.Ve
.PP
You can change this by using:
.PP
.Vb 1
\&        use bignum lib => \*(AqGMP\*(Aq;
.Ve
.PP
The following would first try to find Math::BigInt::Foo, then
Math::BigInt::Bar, and when this also fails, revert to Math::BigInt::Calc:
.PP
.Vb 1
\&        use bignum lib => \*(AqFoo,Math::BigInt::Bar\*(Aq;
.Ve
.PP
Please see respective module documentation for further details.
.PP
Using \f(CW\*(C`lib\*(C'\fR warns if none of the specified libraries can be found and
Math::BigInt did fall back to one of the default libraries.
To supress this warning, use \f(CW\*(C`try\*(C'\fR instead:
.PP
.Vb 1
\&        use bignum try => \*(AqGMP\*(Aq;
.Ve
.PP
If you want the code to die instead of falling back, use \f(CW\*(C`only\*(C'\fR instead:
.PP
.Vb 1
\&        use bignum only => \*(AqGMP\*(Aq;
.Ve
.Sh "\s-1INTERNAL\s0 \s-1FORMAT\s0"
.IX Subsection "INTERNAL FORMAT"
The numbers are stored as objects, and their internals might change at anytime,
especially between math operations. The objects also might belong to different
classes, like Math::BigInt, or Math::BigFLoat. Mixing them together, even
with normal scalars is not extraordinary, but normal and expected.
.PP
You should not depend on the internal format, all accesses must go through
accessor methods. E.g. looking at \f(CW$x\fR\->{sign} is not a bright idea since there
is no guaranty that the object in question has such a hashkey, nor is a hash
underneath at all.
.Sh "\s-1SIGN\s0"
.IX Subsection "SIGN"
The sign is either '+', '\-', 'NaN', '+inf' or '\-inf' and stored seperately.
You can access it with the \fIsign()\fR method.
.PP
A sign of 'NaN' is used to represent the result when input arguments are not
numbers or as a result of 0/0. '+inf' and '\-inf' represent plus respectively
minus infinity. You will get '+inf' when dividing a positive number by 0, and
\&'\-inf' when dividing any negative number by 0.
.SH "CAVAETS"
.IX Header "CAVAETS"
.IP "\fIin_effect()\fR" 2
.IX Item "in_effect()"
This method only works on Perl v5.9.4 or later.
.IP "\fIhex()\fR/\fIoct()\fR" 2
.IX Item "hex()/oct()"
\&\f(CW\*(C`bigint\*(C'\fR overrides these routines with versions that can also handle
big integer values. Under Perl prior to version v5.9.4, however, this
will not happen unless you specifically ask for it with the two
import tags \*(L"hex\*(R" and \*(L"oct\*(R" \- and then it will be global and cannot be
disabled inside a scope with \*(L"no bigint\*(R":
.Sp
.Vb 1
\&        use bigint qw/hex oct/;
\&
\&        print hex("0x1234567890123456");
\&        {
\&                no bigint;
\&                print hex("0x1234567890123456");
\&        }
.Ve
.Sp
The second call to \fIhex()\fR will warn about a non-portable constant.
.Sp
Compare this to:
.Sp
.Vb 1
\&        use bigint;
\&
\&        # will warn only under older than v5.9.4
\&        print hex("0x1234567890123456");
.Ve
.SH "MODULES USED"
.IX Header "MODULES USED"
\&\f(CW\*(C`bignum\*(C'\fR is just a thin wrapper around various modules of the Math::BigInt
family. Think of it as the head of the family, who runs the shop, and orders
the others to do the work.
.PP
The following modules are currently used by bignum:
.PP
.Vb 3
\&        Math::BigInt::Lite      (for speed, and only if it is loadable)
\&        Math::BigInt
\&        Math::BigFloat
.Ve
.SH "EXAMPLES"
.IX Header "EXAMPLES"
Some cool command line examples to impress the Python crowd ;)
.PP
.Vb 10
\&        perl \-Mbignum \-le \*(Aqprint sqrt(33)\*(Aq
\&        perl \-Mbignum \-le \*(Aqprint 2*255\*(Aq
\&        perl \-Mbignum \-le \*(Aqprint 4.5+2*255\*(Aq
\&        perl \-Mbignum \-le \*(Aqprint 3/7 + 5/7 + 8/3\*(Aq
\&        perl \-Mbignum \-le \*(Aqprint 123\->is_odd()\*(Aq
\&        perl \-Mbignum \-le \*(Aqprint log(2)\*(Aq
\&        perl \-Mbignum \-le \*(Aqprint exp(1)\*(Aq
\&        perl \-Mbignum \-le \*(Aqprint 2 ** 0.5\*(Aq
\&        perl \-Mbignum=a,65 \-le \*(Aqprint 2 ** 0.2\*(Aq
\&        perl \-Mbignum=a,65,l,GMP \-le \*(Aqprint 7 ** 7777\*(Aq
.Ve
.SH "LICENSE"
.IX Header "LICENSE"
This program is free software; you may redistribute it and/or modify it under
the same terms as Perl itself.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.IX Header "SEE ALSO"
Especially bigrat as in \f(CW\*(C`perl \-Mbigrat \-le \*(Aqprint 1/3+1/4\*(Aq\*(C'\fR.
.PP
Math::BigFloat, Math::BigInt, Math::BigRat and Math::Big as well
as Math::BigInt::BitVect, Math::BigInt::Pari and  Math::BigInt::GMP.
.SH "AUTHORS"
.IX Header "AUTHORS"
(C) by Tels <http://bloodgate.com/> in early 2002 \- 2007.