perlglossary.1

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.\" ========================================================================
.\"
.IX Title "PERLGLOSSARY 1"
.TH PERLGLOSSARY 1 "2007-12-18" "perl v5.10.0" "Perl Programmers Reference Guide"
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.SH "NAME"
perlglossary \- Perl Glossary
.SH "DESCRIPTION"
.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
A glossary of terms (technical and otherwise) used in the Perl documentation.
Other useful sources include the Free On-Line Dictionary of Computing
<http://foldoc.doc.ic.ac.uk/foldoc/index.html>, the Jargon File
<http://catb.org/~esr/jargon/>, and Wikipedia <http://www.wikipedia.org/>.
.Sh "A"
.IX Subsection "A"
.IP "accessor methods" 4
.IX Item "accessor methods"
A \*(L"method\*(R" used to indirectly inspect or update an \*(L"object\*(R"'s
state (its instance variables).
.IP "actual arguments" 4
.IX Item "actual arguments"
The scalar values that you supply to a \*(L"function\*(R"
or \*(L"subroutine\*(R" when you call it.  For instance, when you call
\&\f(CW\*(C`power("puff")\*(C'\fR, the string \f(CW"puff"\fR is the actual argument.  See
also \*(L"argument\*(R" and \*(L"formal arguments\*(R".
.IP "address operator" 4
.IX Item "address operator"
Some languages work directly with the memory addresses of values, but
this can be like playing with fire.  Perl provides a set of asbestos
gloves for handling all memory management.  The closest to an address
operator in Perl is the backslash operator, but it gives you a \*(L"hard
reference\*(R", which is much safer than a memory address.
.IP "algorithm" 4
.IX Item "algorithm"
A well-defined sequence of steps, clearly enough explained that even a
computer could do them.
.IP "alias" 4
.IX Item "alias"
A nickname for something, which behaves in all ways as though you'd
used the original name instead of the nickname.  Temporary aliases are
implicitly created in the loop variable for \f(CW\*(C`foreach\*(C'\fR loops, in the
\&\f(CW$_\fR variable for map or grep
operators, in \f(CW$a\fR and \f(CW$b\fR during sort's
comparison function, and in each element of \f(CW@_\fR for the \*(L"actual
arguments\*(R" of a subroutine call.  Permanent aliases are explicitly
created in packages by importing symbols or by
assignment to typeglobs.  Lexically scoped aliases for
package variables are explicitly created by the our
declaration.
.IP "alternatives" 4
.IX Item "alternatives"
A list of possible choices from which you may select only one, as in
\&\*(L"Would you like door A, B, or C?\*(R"  Alternatives in regular expressions
are separated with a single vertical bar: \f(CW\*(C`|\*(C'\fR.  Alternatives in
normal Perl expressions are separated with a double vertical bar:
\&\f(CW\*(C`||\*(C'\fR.  Logical alternatives in \*(L"Boolean\*(R" expressions are separated
with either \f(CW\*(C`||\*(C'\fR or \f(CW\*(C`or\*(C'\fR.
.IP "anonymous" 4
.IX Item "anonymous"
Used to describe a \*(L"referent\*(R" that is not directly accessible
through a named \*(L"variable\*(R".  Such a referent must be indirectly
accessible through at least one \*(L"hard reference\*(R".  When the last
hard reference goes away, the anonymous referent is destroyed without
pity.
.IP "architecture" 4
.IX Item "architecture"
The kind of computer you're working on, where one \*(L"kind\*(R" of computer
means all those computers sharing a compatible machine language.
Since Perl programs are (typically) simple text files, not executable
images, a Perl program is much less sensitive to the architecture it's
running on than programs in other languages, such as C, that are
compiled into machine code.  See also \*(L"platform\*(R" and \*(L"operating
system\*(R".
.IP "argument" 4
.IX Item "argument"
A piece of data supplied to a program,
\&\*(L"subroutine\*(R", \*(L"function\*(R", or \*(L"method\*(R" to tell it what it's
supposed to do.  Also called a \*(L"parameter\*(R".
.IP "\s-1ARGV\s0" 4
.IX Item "ARGV"
The name of the array containing the \*(L"argument\*(R" \*(L"vector\*(R" from the
command line.  If you use the empty \f(CW\*(C`<>\*(C'\fR operator, \*(L"\s-1ARGV\s0\*(R" is
the name of both the \*(L"filehandle\*(R" used to traverse the arguments and
the \*(L"scalar\*(R" containing the name of the current input file.
.IP "arithmetical operator" 4
.IX Item "arithmetical operator"
A \*(L"symbol\*(R" such as \f(CW\*(C`+\*(C'\fR or \f(CW\*(C`/\*(C'\fR that tells Perl to do the arithmetic
you were supposed to learn in grade school.
.IP "array" 4
.IX Item "array"
An ordered sequence of values, stored such that you can
easily access any of the values using an integer \*(L"subscript\*(R"
that specifies the value's \*(L"offset\*(R" in the sequence.
.IP "array context" 4
.IX Item "array context"
An archaic expression for what is more correctly referred to as
\&\*(L"list context\*(R".
.IP "\s-1ASCII\s0" 4
.IX Item "ASCII"
The American Standard Code for Information Interchange (a 7\-bit
character set adequate only for poorly representing English text).
Often used loosely to describe the lowest 128 values of the various
\&\s-1ISO\-8859\-X\s0 character sets, a bunch of mutually incompatible 8\-bit
codes best described as half \s-1ASCII\s0.  See also \*(L"Unicode\*(R".
.IP "assertion" 4
.IX Item "assertion"
A component of a \*(L"regular expression\*(R" that must be true for the
pattern to match but does not necessarily match any characters itself.
Often used specifically to mean a \*(L"zero width\*(R" assertion.
.IP "assignment" 4
.IX Item "assignment"
An \*(L"operator\*(R" whose assigned mission in life is to change the value
of a \*(L"variable\*(R".
.IP "assignment operator" 4
.IX Item "assignment operator"
Either a regular \*(L"assignment\*(R", or a compound \*(L"operator\*(R" composed
of an ordinary assignment and some other operator, that changes the
value of a variable in place, that is, relative to its old value.  For
example, \f(CW\*(C`$a += 2\*(C'\fR adds \f(CW2\fR to \f(CW$a\fR.
.IP "associative array" 4
.IX Item "associative array"
See \*(L"hash\*(R".  Please.
.IP "associativity" 4
.IX Item "associativity"
Determines whether you do the left \*(L"operator\*(R" first or the right
\&\*(L"operator\*(R" first when you have "A \*(L"operator\*(R" B \*(L"operator\*(R" C" and
the two operators are of the same precedence.  Operators like \f(CW\*(C`+\*(C'\fR are
left associative, while operators like \f(CW\*(C`**\*(C'\fR are right associative.
See perlop for a list of operators and their associativity.
.IP "asynchronous" 4
.IX Item "asynchronous"
Said of events or activities whose relative temporal ordering is
indeterminate because too many things are going on at once.  Hence, an
asynchronous event is one you didn't know when to expect.
.IP "atom" 4
.IX Item "atom"
A \*(L"regular expression\*(R" component potentially matching a
\&\*(L"substring\*(R" containing one or more characters and treated as an
indivisible syntactic unit by any following \*(L"quantifier\*(R".  (Contrast
with an \*(L"assertion\*(R" that matches something of \*(L"zero width\*(R" and may
not be quantified.)
.IP "atomic operation" 4
.IX Item "atomic operation"
When Democritus gave the word \*(L"atom\*(R" to the indivisible bits of
matter, he meant literally something that could not be cut: \fIa\-\fR
(not) + \fItomos\fR (cuttable).  An atomic operation is an action that
can't be interrupted, not one forbidden in a nuclear-free zone.
.IP "attribute" 4
.IX Item "attribute"
A new feature that allows the declaration of variables
and subroutines with modifiers as in \f(CW\*(C`sub foo : locked
method\*(C'\fR.  Also, another name for an \*(L"instance variable\*(R" of an
\&\*(L"object\*(R".
.IP "autogeneration" 4
.IX Item "autogeneration"