psed.1

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.\" ========================================================================
.\"
.IX Title "S2P 1"
.TH S2P 1 "2008-01-23" "perl v5.10.0" "Perl Programmers Reference Guide"
.\" For nroff, turn off justification.  Always turn off hyphenation; it makes
.\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.
.if n .ad l
.nh
.SH "NAME"
psed \- a stream editor
.SH "SYNOPSIS"
.IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
.Vb 2
\&   psed [\-an] script [file ...]
\&   psed [\-an] [\-e script] [\-f script\-file] [file ...]
\&
\&   s2p  [\-an] [\-e script] [\-f script\-file]
.Ve
.SH "DESCRIPTION"
.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
A stream editor reads the input stream consisting of the specified files
(or standard input, if none are given), processes is line by line by
applying a script consisting of edit commands, and writes resulting lines
to standard output. The filename `\f(CW\*(C`\-\*(C'\fR' may be used to read standard input.
.PP
The edit script is composed from arguments of \fB\-e\fR options and
script-files, in the given order. A single script argument may be specified
as the first parameter.
.PP
If this program is invoked with the name \fIs2p\fR, it will act as a
sed-to-Perl translator. See \*(L"sed Script Translation\*(R".
.PP
\&\fBsed\fR returns an exit code of 0 on success or >0 if an error occurred.
.SH "OPTIONS"
.IX Header "OPTIONS"
.IP "\fB\-a\fR" 4
.IX Item "-a"
A file specified as argument to the \fBw\fR edit command is by default
opened before input processing starts. Using \fB\-a\fR, opening of such
files is delayed until the first line is actually written to the file.
.IP "\fB\-e\fR \fIscript\fR" 4
.IX Item "-e script"
The editing commands defined by \fIscript\fR are appended to the script.
Multiple commands must be separated by newlines.
.IP "\fB\-f\fR \fIscript-file\fR" 4
.IX Item "-f script-file"
Editing commands from the specified \fIscript-file\fR are read and appended
to the script.
.IP "\fB\-n\fR" 4
.IX Item "-n"
By default, a line is written to standard output after the editing script
has been applied to it. The \fB\-n\fR option suppresses automatic printing.
.SH "COMMANDS"
.IX Header "COMMANDS"
\&\fBsed\fR command syntax is defined as
.PP
   [\fIaddress\fR[\fB,\fR\fIaddress\fR]][\fB!\fR]\fIfunction\fR[\fIargument\fR]
.PP
with whitespace being permitted before or after addresses, and between
the function character and the argument. The \fIaddress\fRes and the
address inverter (\f(CW\*(C`!\*(C'\fR) are used to restrict the application of a
command to the selected line(s) of input.
.PP
Each command must be on a line of its own, except where noted in
the synopses below.
.PP
The edit cycle performed on each input line consist of reading the line
(without its trailing newline character) into the \fIpattern space\fR,
applying the applicable commands of the edit script, writing the final
contents of the pattern space and a newline to the standard output.
A \fIhold space\fR is provided for saving the contents of the
pattern space for later use.
.Sh "Addresses"
.IX Subsection "Addresses"
A sed address is either a line number or a pattern, which may be combined
arbitrarily to construct ranges. Lines are numbered across all input files.
.PP
Any address may be followed by an exclamation mark (`\f(CW\*(C`!\*(C'\fR'), selecting
all lines not matching that address.
.IP "\fInumber\fR" 4
.IX Item "number"
The line with the given number is selected.
.IP "\fB$\fR" 4
.IX Item "$"
A dollar sign (\f(CW\*(C`$\*(C'\fR) is the line number of the last line of the input stream.
.IP "\fB/\fR\fIregular expression\fR\fB/\fR" 4
.IX Item "/regular expression/"
A pattern address is a basic regular expression (see 
\&\*(L"Basic Regular Expressions\*(R"), between the delimiting character \f(CW\*(C`/\*(C'\fR.
Any other character except \f(CW\*(C`\e\*(C'\fR or newline may be used to delimit a
pattern address when the initial delimiter is prefixed with a
backslash (`\f(CW\*(C`\e\*(C'\fR').
.PP
If no address is given, the command selects every line.
.PP
If one address is given, it selects the line (or lines) matching the
address.
.PP
Two addresses select a range that begins whenever the first address
matches, and ends (including that line) when the second address matches.
If the first (second) address is a matching pattern, the second 
address is not applied to the very same line to determine the end of
the range. Likewise, if the second address is a matching pattern, the
first address is not applied to the very same line to determine the
begin of another range. If both addresses are line numbers,
and the second line number is less than the first line number, then
only the first line is selected.
.Sh "Functions"
.IX Subsection "Functions"
The maximum permitted number of addresses is indicated with each
function synopsis below.
.PP
The argument \fItext\fR consists of one or more lines following the command.
Embedded newlines in \fItext\fR must be preceded with a backslash.  Other
backslashes in \fItext\fR are deleted and the following character is taken
literally.
.IP "[1addr]\fBa\e\fR \fItext\fR" 4
.IX Item "[1addr]a text"
Write \fItext\fR (which must start on the line following the command)
to standard output immediately before reading the next line
of input, either by executing the \fBN\fR function or by beginning a new cycle.
.IP "[2addr]\fBb\fR [\fIlabel\fR]" 4
.IX Item "[2addr]b [label]"
Branch to the \fB:\fR function with the specified \fIlabel\fR. If no label
is given, branch to the end of the script.
.IP "[2addr]\fBc\e\fR \fItext\fR" 4
.IX Item "[2addr]c text"
The line, or range of lines, selected by the address is deleted. 
The \fItext\fR (which must start on the line following the command)
is written to standard output. With an address range, this occurs at
the end of the range.
.IP "[2addr]\fBd\fR" 4
.IX Item "[2addr]d"
Deletes the pattern space and starts the next cycle.
.IP "[2addr]\fBD\fR" 4
.IX Item "[2addr]D"
Deletes the pattern space through the first embedded newline or to the end.
If the pattern space becomes empty, a new cycle is started, otherwise
execution of the script is restarted.
.IP "[2addr]\fBg\fR" 4
.IX Item "[2addr]g"
Replace the contents of the pattern space with the hold space.
.IP "[2addr]\fBG\fR" 4
.IX Item "[2addr]G"
Append a newline and the contents of the hold space to the pattern space.
.IP "[2addr]\fBh\fR" 4
.IX Item "[2addr]h"
Replace the contents of the hold space with the pattern space.
.IP "[2addr]\fBH\fR" 4
.IX Item "[2addr]H"
Append a newline and the contents of the pattern space to the hold space.
.IP "[1addr]\fBi\e\fR \fItext\fR" 4
.IX Item "[1addr]i text"
Write the \fItext\fR (which must start on the line following the command)
to standard output.
.IP "[2addr]\fBl\fR" 4
.IX Item "[2addr]l"
Print the contents of the pattern space: non-printable characters are
shown in C\-style escaped form; long lines are split and have a trailing
`\f(CW\*(C`\e\*(C'\fR' at the point of the split; the true end of a line is marked with
a `\f(CW\*(C`$\*(C'\fR'. Escapes are: `\ea', `\et', `\en', `\ef', `\er', `\ee' for
\&\s-1BEL\s0, \s-1HT\s0, \s-1LF\s0, \s-1FF\s0, \s-1CR\s0, \s-1ESC\s0, respectively, and `\e' followed by a three-digit
octal number for all other non-printable characters.
.IP "[2addr]\fBn\fR" 4
.IX Item "[2addr]n"
If automatic printing is enabled, write the pattern space to the standard
output. Replace the pattern space with the next line of input. If
there is no more input, processing is terminated.
.IP "[2addr]\fBN\fR" 4
.IX Item "[2addr]N"
Append a newline and the next line of input to the pattern space. If
there is no more input, processing is terminated.
.IP "[2addr]\fBp\fR" 4
.IX Item "[2addr]p"
Print the pattern space to the standard output. (Use the \fB\-n\fR option
to suppress automatic printing at the end of a cycle if you want to
avoid double printing of lines.)
.IP "[2addr]\fBP\fR" 4
.IX Item "[2addr]P"
Prints the pattern space through the first embedded newline or to the end.
.IP "[1addr]\fBq\fR" 4
.IX Item "[1addr]q"
Branch to the end of the script and quit without starting a new cycle.
.IP "[1addr]\fBr\fR \fIfile\fR" 4
.IX Item "[1addr]r file"
Copy the contents of the \fIfile\fR to standard output immediately before
the next attempt to read a line of input. Any error encountered while
reading \fIfile\fR is silently ignored.
.IP "[2addr]\fBs/\fR\fIregular expression\fR\fB/\fR\fIreplacement\fR\fB/\fR\fIflags\fR" 4
.IX Item "[2addr]s/regular expression/replacement/flags"
Substitute the \fIreplacement\fR string for the first substring in
the pattern space that matches the \fIregular expression\fR.
Any character other than backslash or newline can be used instead of a 
slash to delimit the regular expression and the replacement.
To use the delimiter as a literal character within the regular expression
and the replacement, precede the character by a backslash (`\f(CW\*(C`\e\*(C'\fR').
.Sp
Literal newlines may be embedded in the replacement string by
preceding a newline with a backslash.
.Sp
Within the replacement, an ampersand (`\f(CW\*(C`&\*(C'\fR') is replaced by the string
matching the regular expression. The strings `\f(CW\*(C`\e1\*(C'\fR' through `\f(CW\*(C`\e9\*(C'\fR' are
replaced by the corresponding subpattern (see \*(L"Basic Regular Expressions\*(R").
To get a literal `\f(CW\*(C`&\*(C'\fR' or `\f(CW\*(C`\e\*(C'\fR' in the replacement text, precede it
by a backslash.
.Sp
The following \fIflags\fR modify the behaviour of the \fBs\fR command: