perlmodstyle.1

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.IX Item "Provide sensible shortcuts and defaults."
Don't require every module user to jump through the same hoops to achieve a
simple result.  You can always include optional parameters or routines for 
more complex or non-standard behaviour.  If most of your users have to
type a few almost identical lines of code when they start using your
module, it's a sign that you should have made that behaviour a default.
Another good indicator that you should use defaults is if most of your 
users call your routines with the same arguments.
.IP "Naming conventions" 4
.IX Item "Naming conventions"
Your naming should be consistent.  For instance, it's better to have:
.Sp
.Vb 3
\&        display_day();
\&        display_week();
\&        display_year();
.Ve
.Sp
than
.Sp
.Vb 3
\&        display_day();
\&        week_display();
\&        show_year();
.Ve
.Sp
This applies equally to method names, parameter names, and anything else
which is visible to the user (and most things that aren't!)
.IP "Parameter passing" 4
.IX Item "Parameter passing"
Use named parameters. It's easier to use a hash like this:
.Sp
.Vb 5
\&    $obj\->do_something(
\&            name => "wibble",
\&            type => "text",
\&            size => 1024,
\&    );
.Ve
.Sp
\&... than to have a long list of unnamed parameters like this:
.Sp
.Vb 1
\&    $obj\->do_something("wibble", "text", 1024);
.Ve
.Sp
While the list of arguments might work fine for one, two or even three
arguments, any more arguments become hard for the module user to
remember, and hard for the module author to manage.  If you want to add
a new parameter you will have to add it to the end of the list for
backward compatibility, and this will probably make your list order
unintuitive.  Also, if many elements may be undefined you may see the
following unattractive method calls:
.Sp
.Vb 1
\&    $obj\->do_something(undef, undef, undef, undef, undef, undef, 1024);
.Ve
.Sp
Provide sensible defaults for parameters which have them.  Don't make
your users specify parameters which will almost always be the same.
.Sp
The issue of whether to pass the arguments in a hash or a hashref is
largely a matter of personal style.
.Sp
The use of hash keys starting with a hyphen (\f(CW\*(C`\-name\*(C'\fR) or entirely in 
upper case (\f(CW\*(C`NAME\*(C'\fR) is a relic of older versions of Perl in which
ordinary lower case strings were not handled correctly by the \f(CW\*(C`=>\*(C'\fR
operator.  While some modules retain uppercase or hyphenated argument
keys for historical reasons or as a matter of personal style, most new
modules should use simple lower case keys.  Whatever you choose, be
consistent!
.Sh "Strictness and warnings"
.IX Subsection "Strictness and warnings"
Your module should run successfully under the strict pragma and should
run without generating any warnings.  Your module should also handle 
taint-checking where appropriate, though this can cause difficulties in
many cases.
.Sh "Backwards compatibility"
.IX Subsection "Backwards compatibility"
Modules which are \*(L"stable\*(R" should not break backwards compatibility
without at least a long transition phase and a major change in version
number.
.Sh "Error handling and messages"
.IX Subsection "Error handling and messages"
When your module encounters an error it should do one or more of:
.IP "\(bu" 4
Return an undefined value.
.IP "\(bu" 4
set \f(CW$Module::errstr\fR or similar (\f(CW\*(C`errstr\*(C'\fR is a common name used by
\&\s-1DBI\s0 and other popular modules; if you choose something else, be sure to
document it clearly).
.IP "\(bu" 4
\&\f(CW\*(C`warn()\*(C'\fR or \f(CW\*(C`carp()\*(C'\fR a message to \s-1STDERR\s0.
.IP "\(bu" 4
\&\f(CW\*(C`croak()\*(C'\fR only when your module absolutely cannot figure out what to
do.  (\f(CW\*(C`croak()\*(C'\fR is a better version of \f(CW\*(C`die()\*(C'\fR for use within 
modules, which reports its errors from the perspective of the caller.  
See Carp for details of \f(CW\*(C`croak()\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`carp()\*(C'\fR and other useful
routines.)
.IP "\(bu" 4
As an alternative to the above, you may prefer to throw exceptions using 
the Error module.
.PP
Configurable error handling can be very useful to your users.  Consider
offering a choice of levels for warning and debug messages, an option to
send messages to a separate file, a way to specify an error-handling
routine, or other such features.  Be sure to default all these options
to the commonest use.
.SH "DOCUMENTING YOUR MODULE"
.IX Header "DOCUMENTING YOUR MODULE"
.Sh "\s-1POD\s0"
.IX Subsection "POD"
Your module should include documentation aimed at Perl developers.
You should use Perl's \*(L"plain old documentation\*(R" (\s-1POD\s0) for your general 
technical documentation, though you may wish to write additional
documentation (white papers, tutorials, etc) in some other format.  
You need to cover the following subjects:
.IP "\(bu" 4
A synopsis of the common uses of the module
.IP "\(bu" 4
The purpose, scope and target applications of your module
.IP "\(bu" 4
Use of each publically accessible method or subroutine, including
parameters and return values
.IP "\(bu" 4
Examples of use
.IP "\(bu" 4
Sources of further information
.IP "\(bu" 4
A contact email address for the author/maintainer
.PP
The level of detail in Perl module documentation generally goes from
less detailed to more detailed.  Your \s-1SYNOPSIS\s0 section should contain a
minimal example of use (perhaps as little as one line of code; skip the
unusual use cases or anything not needed by most users); the
\&\s-1DESCRIPTION\s0 should describe your module in broad terms, generally in
just a few paragraphs; more detail of the module's routines or methods,
lengthy code examples, or other in-depth material should be given in 
subsequent sections.
.PP
Ideally, someone who's slightly familiar with your module should be able
to refresh their memory without hitting \*(L"page down\*(R".  As your reader
continues through the document, they should receive a progressively
greater amount of knowledge.
.PP
The recommended order of sections in Perl module documentation is:
.IP "\(bu" 4
\&\s-1NAME\s0
.IP "\(bu" 4
\&\s-1SYNOPSIS\s0
.IP "\(bu" 4
\&\s-1DESCRIPTION\s0
.IP "\(bu" 4
One or more sections or subsections giving greater detail of available 
methods and routines and any other relevant information.
.IP "\(bu" 4
BUGS/CAVEATS/etc
.IP "\(bu" 4
\&\s-1AUTHOR\s0
.IP "\(bu" 4
\&\s-1SEE\s0 \s-1ALSO\s0
.IP "\(bu" 4
\&\s-1COPYRIGHT\s0 and \s-1LICENSE\s0
.PP
Keep your documentation near the code it documents (\*(L"inline\*(R"
documentation).  Include \s-1POD\s0 for a given method right above that 
method's subroutine.  This makes it easier to keep the documentation up
to date, and avoids having to document each piece of code twice (once in
\&\s-1POD\s0 and once in comments).
.Sh "\s-1README\s0, \s-1INSTALL\s0, release notes, changelogs"
.IX Subsection "README, INSTALL, release notes, changelogs"
Your module should also include a \s-1README\s0 file describing the module and
giving pointers to further information (website, author email).
.PP
An \s-1INSTALL\s0 file should be included, and should contain simple installation 
instructions. When using ExtUtils::MakeMaker this will usually be:
.IP "perl Makefile.PL" 4
.IX Item "perl Makefile.PL"
.PD 0
.IP "make" 4
.IX Item "make"
.IP "make test" 4
.IX Item "make test"
.IP "make install" 4
.IX Item "make install"
.PD
.PP
When using Module::Build, this will usually be:
.IP "perl Build.PL" 4
.IX Item "perl Build.PL"
.PD 0
.IP "perl Build" 4
.IX Item "perl Build"
.IP "perl Build test" 4
.IX Item "perl Build test"
.IP "perl Build install" 4
.IX Item "perl Build install"
.PD
.PP
Release notes or changelogs should be produced for each release of your
software describing user-visible changes to your module, in terms
relevant to the user.
.SH "RELEASE CONSIDERATIONS"
.IX Header "RELEASE CONSIDERATIONS"
.Sh "Version numbering"
.IX Subsection "Version numbering"
Version numbers should indicate at least major and minor releases, and
possibly sub-minor releases.  A major release is one in which most of
the functionality has changed, or in which major new functionality is
added.  A minor release is one in which a small amount of functionality
has been added or changed.  Sub-minor version numbers are usually used
for changes which do not affect functionality, such as documentation
patches.
.PP
The most common \s-1CPAN\s0 version numbering scheme looks like this:
.PP
.Vb 1
\&    1.00, 1.10, 1.11, 1.20, 1.30, 1.31, 1.32
.Ve
.PP
A correct \s-1CPAN\s0 version number is a floating point number with at least 
2 digits after the decimal. You can test whether it conforms to \s-1CPAN\s0 by 
using
.PP
.Vb 1
\&    perl \-MExtUtils::MakeMaker \-le \*(Aqprint MM\->parse_version(shift)\*(Aq \*(AqFoo.pm\*(Aq
.Ve
.PP
If you want to release a 'beta' or 'alpha' version of a module but
don't want \s-1CPAN\s0.pm to list it as most recent use an '_' after the
regular version number followed by at least 2 digits, eg. 1.20_01. If
you do this, the following idiom is recommended:
.PP
.Vb 3
\&  $VERSION = "1.12_01";
\&  $XS_VERSION = $VERSION; # only needed if you have XS code
\&  $VERSION = eval $VERSION;
.Ve
.PP
With that trick MakeMaker will only read the first line and thus read
the underscore, while the perl interpreter will evaluate the \f(CW$VERSION\fR
and convert the string into a number. Later operations that treat
\&\f(CW$VERSION\fR as a number will then be able to do so without provoking a
warning about \f(CW$VERSION\fR not being a number.
.PP
Never release anything (even a one-word documentation patch) without
incrementing the number.  Even a one-word documentation patch should
result in a change in version at the sub-minor level.
.Sh "Pre-requisites"
.IX Subsection "Pre-requisites"
Module authors should carefully consider whether to rely on other
modules, and which modules to rely on.
.PP
Most importantly, choose modules which are as stable as possible.  In
order of preference:
.IP "\(bu" 4
Core Perl modules
.IP "\(bu" 4
Stable \s-1CPAN\s0 modules
.IP "\(bu" 4
Unstable \s-1CPAN\s0 modules
.IP "\(bu" 4
Modules not available from \s-1CPAN\s0
.PP
Specify version requirements for other Perl modules in the
pre-requisites in your Makefile.PL or Build.PL.
.PP
Be sure to specify Perl version requirements both in Makefile.PL or
Build.PL and with \f(CW\*(C`require 5.6.1\*(C'\fR or similar. See the section on
\&\f(CW\*(C`use VERSION\*(C'\fR of \*(L"require\*(R" in perlfunc for details.
.Sh "Testing"
.IX Subsection "Testing"
All modules should be tested before distribution (using \*(L"make disttest\*(R"),
and the tests should also be available to people installing the modules 
(using \*(L"make test\*(R").  
For Module::Build you would use the \f(CW\*(C`make test\*(C'\fR equivalent \f(CW\*(C`perl Build test\*(C'\fR.
.PP
The importance of these tests is proportional to the alleged stability of a 
module \*(-- a module which purports to be stable or which hopes to achieve wide 
use should adhere to as strict a testing regime as possible.
.PP
Useful modules to help you write tests (with minimum impact on your 
development process or your time) include Test::Simple, Carp::Assert 
and Test::Inline.
For more sophisticated test suites there are Test::More and Test::MockObject.
.Sh "Packaging"
.IX Subsection "Packaging"
Modules should be packaged using one of the standard packaging tools.
Currently you have the choice between ExtUtils::MakeMaker and the
more platform independent Module::Build, allowing modules to be installed in a
consistent manner.
When using ExtUtils::MakeMaker, you can use \*(L"make dist\*(R" to create your
package. Tools exist to help you to build your module in a MakeMaker-friendly
style. These include ExtUtils::ModuleMaker and h2xs.  See also perlnewmod.
.Sh "Licensing"
.IX Subsection "Licensing"
Make sure that your module has a license, and that the full text of it
is included in the distribution (unless it's a common one and the terms
of the license don't require you to include it).
.PP
If you don't know what license to use, dual licensing under the \s-1GPL\s0
and Artistic licenses (the same as Perl itself) is a good idea.
See perlgpl and perlartistic.
.SH "COMMON PITFALLS"
.IX Header "COMMON PITFALLS"
.Sh "Reinventing the wheel"
.IX Subsection "Reinventing the wheel"
There are certain application spaces which are already very, very well
served by \s-1CPAN\s0.  One example is templating systems, another is date and
time modules, and there are many more.  While it is a rite of passage to
write your own version of these things, please consider carefully
whether the Perl world really needs you to publish it.
.Sh "Trying to do too much"
.IX Subsection "Trying to do too much"
Your module will be part of a developer's toolkit.  It will not, in
itself, form the \fBentire\fR toolkit.  It's tempting to add extra features
until your code is a monolithic system rather than a set of modular
building blocks.
.Sh "Inappropriate documentation"
.IX Subsection "Inappropriate documentation"
Don't fall into the trap of writing for the wrong audience.  Your
primary audience is a reasonably experienced developer with at least 
a moderate understanding of your module's application domain, who's just 
downloaded your module and wants to start using it as quickly as possible.
.PP
Tutorials, end-user documentation, research papers, FAQs etc are not 
appropriate in a module's main documentation.  If you really want to 
write these, include them as sub-documents such as \f(CW\*(C`My::Module::Tutorial\*(C'\fR or
\&\f(CW\*(C`My::Module::FAQ\*(C'\fR and provide a link in the \s-1SEE\s0 \s-1ALSO\s0 section of the
main documentation.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.IX Header "SEE ALSO"
.IP "perlstyle" 4
.IX Item "perlstyle"
General Perl style guide
.IP "perlnewmod" 4
.IX Item "perlnewmod"
How to create a new module
.IP "perlpod" 4
.IX Item "perlpod"
\&\s-1POD\s0 documentation
.IP "podchecker" 4
.IX Item "podchecker"
Verifies your \s-1POD\s0's correctness
.IP "Packaging Tools" 4
.IX Item "Packaging Tools"
ExtUtils::MakeMaker, Module::Build
.IP "Testing tools" 4
.IX Item "Testing tools"
Test::Simple, Test::Inline, Carp::Assert, Test::More, Test::MockObject
.IP "http://pause.perl.org/" 4
.IX Item "http://pause.perl.org/"
Perl Authors Upload Server.  Contains links to information for module
authors.
.IP "Any good book on software engineering" 4
.IX Item "Any good book on software engineering"
.SH "AUTHOR"
.IX Header "AUTHOR"
Kirrily \*(L"Skud\*(R" Robert <[e-mail]>