perlunicode.1

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of blocks is more of an artificial grouping based on groups of 256
Unicode characters. For example, the \f(CW\*(C`Latin\*(C'\fR script contains letters
from many blocks but does not contain all the characters from those
blocks. It does not, for example, contain digits, because digits are
shared across many scripts. Digits and similar groups, like
punctuation, are in a category called \f(CW\*(C`Common\*(C'\fR.
.Sp
For more about scripts, see the UAX#24 \*(L"Script Names\*(R":
.Sp
.Vb 1
\&   http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr24/
.Ve
.Sp
For more about blocks, see:
.Sp
.Vb 1
\&   http://www.unicode.org/Public/UNIDATA/Blocks.txt
.Ve
.Sp
Block names are given with the \f(CW\*(C`In\*(C'\fR prefix. For example, the
Katakana block is referenced via \f(CW\*(C`\ep{InKatakana}\*(C'\fR.  The \f(CW\*(C`In\*(C'\fR
prefix may be omitted if there is no naming conflict with a script
or any other property, but it is recommended that \f(CW\*(C`In\*(C'\fR always be used
for block tests to avoid confusion.
.Sp
These block names are supported:
.Sp
.Vb 10
\&    InAegeanNumbers
\&    InAlphabeticPresentationForms
\&    InAncientGreekMusicalNotation
\&    InAncientGreekNumbers
\&    InArabic
\&    InArabicPresentationFormsA
\&    InArabicPresentationFormsB
\&    InArabicSupplement
\&    InArmenian
\&    InArrows
\&    InBalinese
\&    InBasicLatin
\&    InBengali
\&    InBlockElements
\&    InBopomofo
\&    InBopomofoExtended
\&    InBoxDrawing
\&    InBraillePatterns
\&    InBuginese
\&    InBuhid
\&    InByzantineMusicalSymbols
\&    InCJKCompatibility
\&    InCJKCompatibilityForms
\&    InCJKCompatibilityIdeographs
\&    InCJKCompatibilityIdeographsSupplement
\&    InCJKRadicalsSupplement
\&    InCJKStrokes
\&    InCJKSymbolsAndPunctuation
\&    InCJKUnifiedIdeographs
\&    InCJKUnifiedIdeographsExtensionA
\&    InCJKUnifiedIdeographsExtensionB
\&    InCherokee
\&    InCombiningDiacriticalMarks
\&    InCombiningDiacriticalMarksSupplement
\&    InCombiningDiacriticalMarksforSymbols
\&    InCombiningHalfMarks
\&    InControlPictures
\&    InCoptic
\&    InCountingRodNumerals
\&    InCuneiform
\&    InCuneiformNumbersAndPunctuation
\&    InCurrencySymbols
\&    InCypriotSyllabary
\&    InCyrillic
\&    InCyrillicSupplement
\&    InDeseret
\&    InDevanagari
\&    InDingbats
\&    InEnclosedAlphanumerics
\&    InEnclosedCJKLettersAndMonths
\&    InEthiopic
\&    InEthiopicExtended
\&    InEthiopicSupplement
\&    InGeneralPunctuation
\&    InGeometricShapes
\&    InGeorgian
\&    InGeorgianSupplement
\&    InGlagolitic
\&    InGothic
\&    InGreekExtended
\&    InGreekAndCoptic
\&    InGujarati
\&    InGurmukhi
\&    InHalfwidthAndFullwidthForms
\&    InHangulCompatibilityJamo
\&    InHangulJamo
\&    InHangulSyllables
\&    InHanunoo
\&    InHebrew
\&    InHighPrivateUseSurrogates
\&    InHighSurrogates
\&    InHiragana
\&    InIPAExtensions
\&    InIdeographicDescriptionCharacters
\&    InKanbun
\&    InKangxiRadicals
\&    InKannada
\&    InKatakana
\&    InKatakanaPhoneticExtensions
\&    InKharoshthi
\&    InKhmer
\&    InKhmerSymbols
\&    InLao
\&    InLatin1Supplement
\&    InLatinExtendedA
\&    InLatinExtendedAdditional
\&    InLatinExtendedB
\&    InLatinExtendedC
\&    InLatinExtendedD
\&    InLetterlikeSymbols
\&    InLimbu
\&    InLinearBIdeograms
\&    InLinearBSyllabary
\&    InLowSurrogates
\&    InMalayalam
\&    InMathematicalAlphanumericSymbols
\&    InMathematicalOperators
\&    InMiscellaneousMathematicalSymbolsA
\&    InMiscellaneousMathematicalSymbolsB
\&    InMiscellaneousSymbols
\&    InMiscellaneousSymbolsAndArrows
\&    InMiscellaneousTechnical
\&    InModifierToneLetters
\&    InMongolian
\&    InMusicalSymbols
\&    InMyanmar
\&    InNKo
\&    InNewTaiLue
\&    InNumberForms
\&    InOgham
\&    InOldItalic
\&    InOldPersian
\&    InOpticalCharacterRecognition
\&    InOriya
\&    InOsmanya
\&    InPhagspa
\&    InPhoenician
\&    InPhoneticExtensions
\&    InPhoneticExtensionsSupplement
\&    InPrivateUseArea
\&    InRunic
\&    InShavian
\&    InSinhala
\&    InSmallFormVariants
\&    InSpacingModifierLetters
\&    InSpecials
\&    InSuperscriptsAndSubscripts
\&    InSupplementalArrowsA
\&    InSupplementalArrowsB
\&    InSupplementalMathematicalOperators
\&    InSupplementalPunctuation
\&    InSupplementaryPrivateUseAreaA
\&    InSupplementaryPrivateUseAreaB
\&    InSylotiNagri
\&    InSyriac
\&    InTagalog
\&    InTagbanwa
\&    InTags
\&    InTaiLe
\&    InTaiXuanJingSymbols
\&    InTamil
\&    InTelugu
\&    InThaana
\&    InThai
\&    InTibetan
\&    InTifinagh
\&    InUgaritic
\&    InUnifiedCanadianAboriginalSyllabics
\&    InVariationSelectors
\&    InVariationSelectorsSupplement
\&    InVerticalForms
\&    InYiRadicals
\&    InYiSyllables
\&    InYijingHexagramSymbols
.Ve
.Sh "User-Defined Character Properties"
.IX Subsection "User-Defined Character Properties"
You can define your own character properties by defining subroutines
whose names begin with \*(L"In\*(R" or \*(L"Is\*(R".  The subroutines can be defined in
any package.  The user-defined properties can be used in the regular
expression \f(CW\*(C`\ep\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`\eP\*(C'\fR constructs; if you are using a user-defined
property from a package other than the one you are in, you must specify
its package in the \f(CW\*(C`\ep\*(C'\fR or \f(CW\*(C`\eP\*(C'\fR construct.
.PP
.Vb 3
\&    # assuming property IsForeign defined in Lang::
\&    package main;  # property package name required
\&    if ($txt =~ /\ep{Lang::IsForeign}+/) { ... }
\&
\&    package Lang;  # property package name not required
\&    if ($txt =~ /\ep{IsForeign}+/) { ... }
.Ve
.PP
Note that the effect is compile-time and immutable once defined.
.PP
The subroutines must return a specially-formatted string, with one
or more newline-separated lines.  Each line must be one of the following:
.IP "\(bu" 4
A single hexadecimal number denoting a Unicode code point to include.
.IP "\(bu" 4
Two hexadecimal numbers separated by horizontal whitespace (space or
tabular characters) denoting a range of Unicode code points to include.
.IP "\(bu" 4
Something to include, prefixed by \*(L"+\*(R": a built-in character
property (prefixed by \*(L"utf8::\*(R") or a user-defined character property,
to represent all the characters in that property; two hexadecimal code
points for a range; or a single hexadecimal code point.
.IP "\(bu" 4
Something to exclude, prefixed by \*(L"\-\*(R": an existing character
property (prefixed by \*(L"utf8::\*(R") or a user-defined character property,
to represent all the characters in that property; two hexadecimal code
points for a range; or a single hexadecimal code point.
.IP "\(bu" 4
Something to negate, prefixed \*(L"!\*(R": an existing character
property (prefixed by \*(L"utf8::\*(R") or a user-defined character property,
to represent all the characters in that property; two hexadecimal code
points for a range; or a single hexadecimal code point.
.IP "\(bu" 4
Something to intersect with, prefixed by \*(L"&\*(R": an existing character
property (prefixed by \*(L"utf8::\*(R") or a user-defined character property,
for all the characters except the characters in the property; two
hexadecimal code points for a range; or a single hexadecimal code point.
.PP
For example, to define a property that covers both the Japanese
syllabaries (hiragana and katakana), you can define
.PP
.Vb 6
\&    sub InKana {
\&        return <<END;
\&    3040\et309F
\&    30A0\et30FF
\&    END
\&    }
.Ve
.PP
Imagine that the here-doc end marker is at the beginning of the line.
Now you can use \f(CW\*(C`\ep{InKana}\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`\eP{InKana}\*(C'\fR.
.PP
You could also have used the existing block property names:
.PP
.Vb 6
\&    sub InKana {
\&        return <<\*(AqEND\*(Aq;
\&    +utf8::InHiragana
\&    +utf8::InKatakana
\&    END
\&    }
.Ve
.PP
Suppose you wanted to match only the allocated characters,
not the raw block ranges: in other words, you want to remove
the non-characters:
.PP
.Vb 7
\&    sub InKana {
\&        return <<\*(AqEND\*(Aq;
\&    +utf8::InHiragana
\&    +utf8::InKatakana
\&    \-utf8::IsCn
\&    END
\&    }
.Ve
.PP
The negation is useful for defining (surprise!) negated classes.
.PP
.Vb 7
\&    sub InNotKana {
\&        return <<\*(AqEND\*(Aq;
\&    !utf8::InHiragana
\&    \-utf8::InKatakana
\&    +utf8::IsCn
\&    END
\&    }
.Ve
.PP
Intersection is useful for getting the common characters matched by
two (or more) classes.
.PP
.Vb 6
\&    sub InFooAndBar {
\&        return <<\*(AqEND\*(Aq;
\&    +main::Foo
\&    &main::Bar
\&    END
\&    }
.Ve
.PP
It's important to remember not to use \*(L"&\*(R" for the first set \*(-- that
would be intersecting with nothing (resulting in an empty set).
.Sh "User-Defined Case Mappings"
.IX Subsection "User-Defined Case Mappings"
You can also define your own mappings to be used in the \fIlc()\fR,
\&\fIlcfirst()\fR, \fIuc()\fR, and \fIucfirst()\fR (or their string-inlined versions).
The principle is similar to that of user-defined character
properties: to define subroutines in the \f(CW\*(C`main\*(C'\fR package
with names like \f(CW\*(C`ToLower\*(C'\fR (for \fIlc()\fR and \fIlcfirst()\fR), \f(CW\*(C`ToTitle\*(C'\fR (for
the first character in \fIucfirst()\fR), and \f(CW\*(C`ToUpper\*(C'\fR (for \fIuc()\fR, and the
rest of the characters in \fIucfirst()\fR).
.PP
The string returned by the subroutines needs now to be three
hexadecimal numbers separated by tabulators: start of the source
range, end of the source range, and start of the destination range.
For example:
.PP
.Vb 5
\&    sub ToUpper {
\&        return <<END;
\&    0061\et0063\et0041
\&    END
\&    }
.Ve
.PP
defines an \fIuc()\fR mapping that causes only the characters \*(L"a\*(R", \*(L"b\*(R", and