perlapi.pod

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X<toLOWER>

Converts the specified character to lowercase.

	char	toLOWER(char ch)

=for hackers
Found in file handy.h

=item toUPPER
X<toUPPER>

Converts the specified character to uppercase.

	char	toUPPER(char ch)

=for hackers
Found in file handy.h


=back

=head1 Cloning an interpreter

=over 8

=item perl_clone
X<perl_clone>

Create and return a new interpreter by cloning the current one.

perl_clone takes these flags as parameters:

CLONEf_COPY_STACKS - is used to, well, copy the stacks also,
without it we only clone the data and zero the stacks,
with it we copy the stacks and the new perl interpreter is
ready to run at the exact same point as the previous one.
The pseudo-fork code uses COPY_STACKS while the
threads->create doesn't.

CLONEf_KEEP_PTR_TABLE
perl_clone keeps a ptr_table with the pointer of the old
variable as a key and the new variable as a value,
this allows it to check if something has been cloned and not
clone it again but rather just use the value and increase the
refcount. If KEEP_PTR_TABLE is not set then perl_clone will kill
the ptr_table using the function
C<ptr_table_free(PL_ptr_table); PL_ptr_table = NULL;>,
reason to keep it around is if you want to dup some of your own
variable who are outside the graph perl scans, example of this
code is in threads.xs create

CLONEf_CLONE_HOST
This is a win32 thing, it is ignored on unix, it tells perls
win32host code (which is c++) to clone itself, this is needed on
win32 if you want to run two threads at the same time,
if you just want to do some stuff in a separate perl interpreter
and then throw it away and return to the original one,
you don't need to do anything.

	PerlInterpreter*	perl_clone(PerlInterpreter* interp, UV flags)

=for hackers
Found in file sv.c


=back

=head1 CV Manipulation Functions

=over 8

=item CvSTASH
X<CvSTASH>

Returns the stash of the CV.

	HV*	CvSTASH(CV* cv)

=for hackers
Found in file cv.h

=item get_cv
X<get_cv>

Uses C<strlen> to get the length of C<name>, then calls C<get_cvn_flags>.

NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.

	CV*	get_cv(const char* name, I32 flags)

=for hackers
Found in file perl.c

=item get_cvn_flags
X<get_cvn_flags>

Returns the CV of the specified Perl subroutine.  C<flags> are passed to
C<gv_fetchpvn_flags>. If C<GV_ADD> is set and the Perl subroutine does not
exist then it will be declared (which has the same effect as saying
C<sub name;>).  If C<GV_ADD> is not set and the subroutine does not exist
then NULL is returned.

NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.

	CV*	get_cvn_flags(const char* name, STRLEN len, I32 flags)

=for hackers
Found in file perl.c


=back

=head1 Embedding Functions

=over 8

=item cv_undef
X<cv_undef>

Clear out all the active components of a CV. This can happen either
by an explicit C<undef &foo>, or by the reference count going to zero.
In the former case, we keep the CvOUTSIDE pointer, so that any anonymous
children can still follow the full lexical scope chain.

	void	cv_undef(CV* cv)

=for hackers
Found in file op.c

=item load_module
X<load_module>

Loads the module whose name is pointed to by the string part of name.
Note that the actual module name, not its filename, should be given.
Eg, "Foo::Bar" instead of "Foo/Bar.pm".  flags can be any of
PERL_LOADMOD_DENY, PERL_LOADMOD_NOIMPORT, or PERL_LOADMOD_IMPORT_OPS
(or 0 for no flags). ver, if specified, provides version semantics
similar to C<use Foo::Bar VERSION>.  The optional trailing SV*
arguments can be used to specify arguments to the module's import()
method, similar to C<use Foo::Bar VERSION LIST>.

	void	load_module(U32 flags, SV* name, SV* ver, ...)

=for hackers
Found in file op.c

=item nothreadhook
X<nothreadhook>

Stub that provides thread hook for perl_destruct when there are
no threads.

	int	nothreadhook()

=for hackers
Found in file perl.c

=item perl_alloc
X<perl_alloc>

Allocates a new Perl interpreter.  See L<perlembed>.

	PerlInterpreter*	perl_alloc()

=for hackers
Found in file perl.c

=item perl_construct
X<perl_construct>

Initializes a new Perl interpreter.  See L<perlembed>.

	void	perl_construct(PerlInterpreter* interp)

=for hackers
Found in file perl.c

=item perl_destruct
X<perl_destruct>

Shuts down a Perl interpreter.  See L<perlembed>.

	int	perl_destruct(PerlInterpreter* interp)

=for hackers
Found in file perl.c

=item perl_free
X<perl_free>

Releases a Perl interpreter.  See L<perlembed>.

	void	perl_free(PerlInterpreter* interp)

=for hackers
Found in file perl.c

=item perl_parse
X<perl_parse>

Tells a Perl interpreter to parse a Perl script.  See L<perlembed>.

	int	perl_parse(PerlInterpreter* interp, XSINIT_t xsinit, int argc, char** argv, char** env)

=for hackers
Found in file perl.c

=item perl_run
X<perl_run>

Tells a Perl interpreter to run.  See L<perlembed>.

	int	perl_run(PerlInterpreter* interp)

=for hackers
Found in file perl.c

=item require_pv
X<require_pv>

Tells Perl to C<require> the file named by the string argument.  It is
analogous to the Perl code C<eval "require '$file'">.  It's even
implemented that way; consider using load_module instead.

NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.

	void	require_pv(const char* pv)

=for hackers
Found in file perl.c


=back

=head1 Functions in file dump.c


=over 8

=item pv_display
X<pv_display>

  char *pv_display(SV *dsv, const char *pv, STRLEN cur, STRLEN len,
                   STRLEN pvlim, U32 flags)

Similar to

  pv_escape(dsv,pv,cur,pvlim,PERL_PV_ESCAPE_QUOTE);

except that an additional "\0" will be appended to the string when
len > cur and pv[cur] is "\0".

Note that the final string may be up to 7 chars longer than pvlim.

	char*	pv_display(SV *dsv, const char *pv, STRLEN cur, STRLEN len, STRLEN pvlim)

=for hackers
Found in file dump.c

=item pv_escape
X<pv_escape>

               |const STRLEN count|const STRLEN max
               |STRLEN const *escaped, const U32 flags

Escapes at most the first "count" chars of pv and puts the results into
dsv such that the size of the escaped string will not exceed "max" chars
and will not contain any incomplete escape sequences.

If flags contains PERL_PV_ESCAPE_QUOTE then any double quotes in the string
will also be escaped.

Normally the SV will be cleared before the escaped string is prepared,
but when PERL_PV_ESCAPE_NOCLEAR is set this will not occur.

If PERL_PV_ESCAPE_UNI is set then the input string is treated as Unicode,
if PERL_PV_ESCAPE_UNI_DETECT is set then the input string is scanned
using C<is_utf8_string()> to determine if it is Unicode.

If PERL_PV_ESCAPE_ALL is set then all input chars will be output
using C<\x01F1> style escapes, otherwise only chars above 255 will be
escaped using this style, other non printable chars will use octal or
common escaped patterns like C<\n>. If PERL_PV_ESCAPE_NOBACKSLASH
then all chars below 255 will be treated as printable and 
will be output as literals.

If PERL_PV_ESCAPE_FIRSTCHAR is set then only the first char of the
string will be escaped, regardles of max. If the string is utf8 and 
the chars value is >255 then it will be returned as a plain hex 
sequence. Thus the output will either be a single char, 
an octal escape sequence, a special escape like C<\n> or a 3 or 
more digit hex value. 

If PERL_PV_ESCAPE_RE is set then the escape char used will be a '%' and
not a '\\'. This is because regexes very often contain backslashed
sequences, whereas '%' is not a particularly common character in patterns.

Returns a pointer to the escaped text as held by dsv.

NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.

	char*	pv_escape(SV *dsv, char const * const str, const STRLEN count, const STRLEN max, STRLEN * const escaped, const U32 flags)

=for hackers
Found in file dump.c

=item pv_pretty
X<pv_pretty>

           |const STRLEN count|const STRLEN max\
           |const char const *start_color| const char const *end_color\
           |const U32 flags

Converts a string into something presentable, handling escaping via
pv_escape() and supporting quoting and ellipses.

If the PERL_PV_PRETTY_QUOTE flag is set then the result will be 
double quoted with any double quotes in the string escaped. Otherwise
if the PERL_PV_PRETTY_LTGT flag is set then the result be wrapped in
angle brackets. 
           
If the PERL_PV_PRETTY_ELLIPSES flag is set and not all characters in
string were output then an ellipsis C<...> will be appended to the
string. Note that this happens AFTER it has been quoted.
           
If start_color is non-null then it will be inserted after the opening
quote (if there is one) but before the escaped text. If end_color
is non-null then it will be inserted after the escaped text but before
any quotes or ellipses.

Returns a pointer to the prettified text as held by dsv.
           
NOTE: the perl_ form of this function is deprecated.

	char*	pv_pretty(SV *dsv, char const * const str, const STRLEN count, const STRLEN max, char const * const start_color, char const * const end_color, const U32 flags)

=for hackers
Found in file dump.c


=back

=head1 Functions in file mathoms.c


=over 8

=item gv_fetchmethod
X<gv_fetchmethod>

See L<gv_fetchmethod_autoload>.

	GV*	gv_fetchmethod(HV* stash, const char* name)

=for hackers
Found in file mathoms.c

=item pack_cat
X<pack_cat>

The engine implementing pack() Perl function. Note: parameters next_in_list and
flags are not used. This call should not be used; use packlist instead.

	void	pack_cat(SV *cat, const char *pat, const char *patend, SV **beglist, SV **endlist, SV ***next_in_list, U32 flags)

=for hackers
Found in file mathoms.c

=item sv_2pvbyte_nolen
X<sv_2pvbyte_nolen>

Return a pointer to the byte-encoded representation of the SV.
May cause the SV to be downgraded from UTF-8 as a side-effect.

Usually accessed via the C<SvPVbyte_nolen> macro.

	char*	sv_2pvbyte_nolen(SV* sv)

=for hackers
Found in file mathoms.c

=item sv_2pvutf8_nolen
X<sv_2pvutf8_nolen>

Return a pointer to the UTF-8-encoded representation of the SV.
May cause the SV to be upgraded to UTF-8 as a side-effect.

Usually accessed via the C<SvPVutf8_nolen> macro.

	char*	sv_2pvutf8_nolen(SV* sv)

=for hackers
Found in file mathoms.c

=item sv_2pv_nolen
X<sv_2pv_nolen>

Like C<sv_2pv()>, but doesn't return the length too. You should usually
use the macro wrapper C<SvPV_nolen(sv)> instead.
	char*	sv_2pv_nolen(SV* sv)

=for hackers
Found in file mathoms.c

=item sv_catpvn_mg
X<sv_catpvn_mg>

Like C<sv_catpvn>, but also handles 'set' magic.

	void	sv_catpvn_mg(SV *sv, const char *ptr, STRLEN len)

=for hackers
Found in file mathoms.c

=item sv_catsv_mg
X<sv_catsv_mg>

Like C<sv_catsv>, but also handles 'set' magic.

	void	sv_catsv_mg(SV *dstr, SV *sstr)

=for hackers
Found in file mathoms.c

=item sv_force_normal
X<sv_force_normal>

Undo various types of fakery on an SV: if the PV is a shared string, make
a private copy; if we're a ref, stop refing; if we're a glob, downgrade to
an xpvmg. See also C<sv_force_normal_flags>.

	void	sv_force_normal(SV *sv)

=for hackers
Found in file mathoms.c

=item sv_iv
X<sv_iv>

A private implementation of the C<SvIVx> macro for compilers which can't
cope with complex macro expressions. Always use the macro instead.

	IV	sv_iv(SV* sv)

=for hackers
Found in file mathoms.c

=item sv_nolocking
X<sv_nolocking>

Dummy routine which "locks" an SV when there is no locking module present.
Exists to avoid test for a NULL function pointer and because it could
potentially warn under some level of strict-ness.

"Superseded" by sv_nosharing().

	void	sv_nolocking(SV *sv)

=for hackers
Found in file mathoms.c

=item sv_nounlocking
X<sv_nounlocking>

Dummy routine which "unlocks" an SV when there is no locking module present.
Exists to avoid test for a NULL function pointer and because it could
potentially warn under some level of strict-ness.

"Superseded" by sv_nosharing().

	void	sv_nounlocking(SV *sv)

=for hackers
Found in file mathoms.c

=item sv_nv
X<sv_nv>

A private implementation of the C<SvNVx> macro for compilers which can't
cope with complex macro expressions. Always use the macro instead.

	NV	sv_nv(SV* sv)

=for hackers
Found in file mathoms.c

=item sv_pv
X<sv_pv>

Use the C<SvPV_nolen> macro instead

	char*	sv_pv(SV *sv)

=for hackers
Found in file mathoms.c

=item sv_pvbyte
X<sv_pvbyte>

Use C<SvPVbyte_nolen> instead.

	char*	sv_pvbyte(SV *sv)

=for hackers
Found in file mathoms.c

=item sv_pvbyten
X<sv_pvbyten>

A private implementation of the C<SvPVbyte> macro for compilers
which can't cope with complex macro expressions. Always use the macro
instead.

	char*	sv_pvbyten(SV *sv, STRLEN *len)

=for hackers
Found in file mathoms.c

=item sv_pvn
X<sv_pvn>

A private implementation of the C<SvPV> macro for compilers which can't
cope with complex macro expressions. Always use the macro instead.

	char*	sv_pvn(SV *sv, STRLEN *len)

=for hackers
Found in file mathoms.c

=item sv_pvutf8
X<sv_pvutf8>

Use the C<SvPVutf8_nolen> macro instead

	char*	sv_pvutf8(SV *sv)

=for hackers
Found in file mathoms.c

=item sv_pvutf8n
X<sv_pvutf8n>

A private implementation of the C<SvPVutf8> macro for compilers
which can't cope with complex macro expressions. Always use the macro
instead.

	char*	sv_pvutf8n(SV *sv, STRLEN *len)

=for hackers
Found in file mathoms.c

=item sv_taint
X<sv_taint>

Taint an SV. Use C<SvTAINTED_on> instead.
	void	sv_taint(SV* sv)

=for hackers
Found in file mathoms.c

=item sv_unref
X<sv_unref>

Unsets the RV status of the SV, and decrements the reference count of
whatever was being referenced by the RV.  This can almost be thought of
as a reversal of C<newSVrv>.  This is C<sv_unref_flags> with the C<flag>
being zero.  See C<SvROK_off>.

	void	sv_unref(SV* sv)

=for hackers
Found in file mathoms.c