perlfilter.pod

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=head1 NAME

perlfilter - Source Filters

=head1 DESCRIPTION

This article is about a little-known feature of Perl called
I<source filters>. Source filters alter the program text of a module
before Perl sees it, much as a C preprocessor alters the source text of
a C program before the compiler sees it. This article tells you more
about what source filters are, how they work, and how to write your
own.

The original purpose of source filters was to let you encrypt your
program source to prevent casual piracy. This isn't all they can do, as
you'll soon learn. But first, the basics.

=head1 CONCEPTS

Before the Perl interpreter can execute a Perl script, it must first
read it from a file into memory for parsing and compilation. If that
script itself includes other scripts with a C<use> or C<require>
statement, then each of those scripts will have to be read from their
respective files as well.

Now think of each logical connection between the Perl parser and an
individual file as a I<source stream>. A source stream is created when
the Perl parser opens a file, it continues to exist as the source code
is read into memory, and it is destroyed when Perl is finished parsing
the file. If the parser encounters a C<require> or C<use> statement in
a source stream, a new and distinct stream is created just for that
file.

The diagram below represents a single source stream, with the flow of
source from a Perl script file on the left into the Perl parser on the
right. This is how Perl normally operates.

    file -------> parser

There are two important points to remember:

=over 5

=item 1.

Although there can be any number of source streams in existence at any
given time, only one will be active.

=item 2.

Every source stream is associated with only one file.

=back

A source filter is a special kind of Perl module that intercepts and
modifies a source stream before it reaches the parser. A source filter
changes our diagram like this:

    file ----> filter ----> parser

If that doesn't make much sense, consider the analogy of a command
pipeline. Say you have a shell script stored in the compressed file
I<trial.gz>. The simple pipeline command below runs the script without
needing to create a temporary file to hold the uncompressed file.

    gunzip -c trial.gz | sh

In this case, the data flow from the pipeline can be represented as follows:

    trial.gz ----> gunzip ----> sh

With source filters, you can store the text of your script compressed and use a source filter to uncompress it for Perl's parser:

     compressed           gunzip
    Perl program ---> source filter ---> parser

=head1 USING FILTERS

So how do you use a source filter in a Perl script? Above, I said that
a source filter is just a special kind of module. Like all Perl
modules, a source filter is invoked with a use statement.

Say you want to pass your Perl source through the C preprocessor before
execution. You could use the existing C<-P> command line option to do
this, but as it happens, the source filters distribution comes with a C
preprocessor filter module called Filter::cpp. Let's use that instead.

Below is an example program, C<cpp_test>, which makes use of this filter.
Line numbers have been added to allow specific lines to be referenced
easily.

    1: use Filter::cpp;
    2: #define TRUE 1
    3: $a = TRUE;
    4: print "a = $a\n";

When you execute this script, Perl creates a source stream for the
file. Before the parser processes any of the lines from the file, the
source stream looks like this:

    cpp_test ---------> parser

Line 1, C<use Filter::cpp>, includes and installs the C<cpp> filter
module. All source filters work this way. The use statement is compiled
and executed at compile time, before any more of the file is read, and
it attaches the cpp filter to the source stream behind the scenes. Now
the data flow looks like this:

    cpp_test ----> cpp filter ----> parser

As the parser reads the second and subsequent lines from the source
stream, it feeds those lines through the C<cpp> source filter before
processing them. The C<cpp> filter simply passes each line through the
real C preprocessor. The output from the C preprocessor is then
inserted back into the source stream by the filter.

                  .-> cpp --.
                  |         |
                  |         |
                  |       <-'
   cpp_test ----> cpp filter ----> parser

The parser then sees the following code:

    use Filter::cpp;
    $a = 1;
    print "a = $a\n";

Let's consider what happens when the filtered code includes another
module with use:

    1: use Filter::cpp;
    2: #define TRUE 1
    3: use Fred;
    4: $a = TRUE;
    5: print "a = $a\n";

The C<cpp> filter does not apply to the text of the Fred module, only
to the text of the file that used it (C<cpp_test>). Although the use
statement on line 3 will pass through the cpp filter, the module that
gets included (C<Fred>) will not. The source streams look like this
after line 3 has been parsed and before line 4 is parsed:

    cpp_test ---> cpp filter ---> parser (INACTIVE)

    Fred.pm ----> parser

As you can see, a new stream has been created for reading the source
from C<Fred.pm>. This stream will remain active until all of C<Fred.pm>
has been parsed. The source stream for C<cpp_test> will still exist,
but is inactive. Once the parser has finished reading Fred.pm, the
source stream associated with it will be destroyed. The source stream
for C<cpp_test> then becomes active again and the parser reads line 4
and subsequent lines from C<cpp_test>.

You can use more than one source filter on a single file. Similarly,
you can reuse the same filter in as many files as you like.

For example, if you have a uuencoded and compressed source file, it is
possible to stack a uudecode filter and an uncompression filter like
this:

    use Filter::uudecode; use Filter::uncompress;
    M'XL(".H<US4''V9I;F%L')Q;>7/;1I;_>_I3=&E=%:F*I"T?22Q/
    M6]9*<IQCO*XFT"0[PL%%'Y+IG?WN^ZYN-$'J.[.JE$,20/?K=_[>
    ...

Once the first line has been processed, the flow will look like this:

    file ---> uudecode ---> uncompress ---> parser
               filter         filter

Data flows through filters in the same order they appear in the source
file. The uudecode filter appeared before the uncompress filter, so the
source file will be uudecoded before it's uncompressed.

=head1 WRITING A SOURCE FILTER

There are three ways to write your own source filter. You can write it
in C, use an external program as a filter, or write the filter in Perl.
I won't cover the first two in any great detail, so I'll get them out
of the way first. Writing the filter in Perl is most convenient, so
I'll devote the most space to it.

=head1 WRITING A SOURCE FILTER IN C

The first of the three available techniques is to write the filter
completely in C. The external module you create interfaces directly
with the source filter hooks provided by Perl.

The advantage of this technique is that you have complete control over
the implementation of your filter. The big disadvantage is the
increased complexity required to write the filter - not only do you
need to understand the source filter hooks, but you also need a
reasonable knowledge of Perl guts. One of the few times it is worth
going to this trouble is when writing a source scrambler. The
C<decrypt> filter (which unscrambles the source before Perl parses it)
included with the source filter distribution is an example of a C
source filter (see Decryption Filters, below).


=over 5

=item B<Decryption Filters>

All decryption filters work on the principle of "security through
obscurity." Regardless of how well you write a decryption filter and
how strong your encryption algorithm, anyone determined enough can
retrieve the original source code. The reason is quite simple - once
the decryption filter has decrypted the source back to its original
form, fragments of it will be stored in the computer's memory as Perl
parses it. The source might only be in memory for a short period of
time, but anyone possessing a debugger, skill, and lots of patience can
eventually reconstruct your program.

That said, there are a number of steps that can be taken to make life
difficult for the potential cracker. The most important: Write your
decryption filter in C and statically link the decryption module into
the Perl binary. For further tips to make life difficult for the
potential cracker, see the file I<decrypt.pm> in the source filters
module.

=back

=head1 CREATING A SOURCE FILTER AS A SEPARATE EXECUTABLE

An alternative to writing the filter in C is to create a separate
executable in the language of your choice. The separate executable
reads from standard input, does whatever processing is necessary, and
writes the filtered data to standard output. C<Filter:cpp> is an
example of a source filter implemented as a separate executable - the
executable is the C preprocessor bundled with your C compiler.

The source filter distribution includes two modules that simplify this
task: C<Filter::exec> and C<Filter::sh>. Both allow you to run any
external executable. Both use a coprocess to control the flow of data
into and out of the external executable. (For details on coprocesses,
see Stephens, W.R. "Advanced Programming in the UNIX Environment."
Addison-Wesley, ISBN 0-210-56317-7, pages 441-445.) The difference
between them is that C<Filter::exec> spawns the external command
directly, while C<Filter::sh> spawns a shell to execute the external
command. (Unix uses the Bourne shell; NT uses the cmd shell.) Spawning
a shell allows you to make use of the shell metacharacters and
redirection facilities.

Here is an example script that uses C<Filter::sh>:

    use Filter::sh 'tr XYZ PQR';
    $a = 1;
    print "XYZ a = $a\n";

The output you'll get when the script is executed:

    PQR a = 1

Writing a source filter as a separate executable works fine, but a
small performance penalty is incurred. For example, if you execute the
small example above, a separate subprocess will be created to run the
Unix C<tr> command. Each use of the filter requires its own subprocess.
If creating subprocesses is expensive on your system, you might want to
consider one of the other options for creating source filters.

=head1 WRITING A SOURCE FILTER IN PERL

The easiest and most portable option available for creating your own
source filter is to write it completely in Perl. To distinguish this
from the previous two techniques, I'll call it a Perl source filter.

To help understand how to write a Perl source filter we need an example
to study. Here is a complete source filter that performs rot13
decoding. (Rot13 is a very simple encryption scheme used in Usenet
postings to hide the contents of offensive posts. It moves every letter
forward thirteen places, so that A becomes N, B becomes O, and Z
becomes M.)


   package Rot13;

   use Filter::Util::Call;

   sub import {
      my ($type) = @_;
      my ($ref) = [];
      filter_add(bless $ref);
   }

   sub filter {
      my ($self) = @_;
      my ($status);

      tr/n-za-mN-ZA-M/a-zA-Z/
         if ($status = filter_read()) > 0;
      $status;
   }