rfc1032.txt

bind 9.3结合mysql数据库

Network Working Group                                       M. Stahl
Request for Comments: 1032                         SRI International
                                                       November 1987


                      DOMAIN ADMINISTRATORS GUIDE


STATUS OF THIS MEMO

   This memo describes procedures for registering a domain with the
   Network Information Center (NIC) of Defense Data Network (DDN), and
   offers guidelines on the establishment and administration of a domain
   in accordance with the requirements specified in RFC-920.  It is
   intended for use by domain administrators.  This memo should be used
   in conjunction with RFC-920, which is an official policy statement of
   the Internet Activities Board (IAB) and the Defense Advanced Research
   Projects Agency (DARPA).  Distribution of this memo is unlimited.

BACKGROUND

   Domains are administrative entities that provide decentralized
   management of host naming and addressing.  The domain-naming system
   is distributed and hierarchical.

   The NIC is designated by the Defense Communications Agency (DCA) to
   provide registry services for the domain-naming system on the DDN and
   DARPA portions of the Internet.

   As registrar of top-level and second-level domains, as well as
   administrator of the root domain name servers on behalf of DARPA and
   DDN, the NIC is responsible for maintaining the root server zone
   files and their binary equivalents.  In addition, the NIC is
   responsible for administering the top-level domains of "ARPA," "COM,"
   "EDU," "ORG," "GOV," and "MIL" on behalf of DCA and DARPA until it
   becomes feasible for other appropriate organizations to assume those
   responsibilities.

   It is recommended that the guidelines described in this document be
   used by domain administrators in the establishment and control of
   second-level domains.

THE DOMAIN ADMINISTRATOR

   The role of the domain administrator (DA) is that of coordinator,
   manager, and technician.  If his domain is established at the second
   level or lower in the tree, the DA must register by interacting with
   the management of the domain directly above his, making certain that



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RFC 1032              DOMAIN ADMINISTRATORS GUIDE          November 1987


   his domain satisfies all the requirements of the administration under
   which his domain would be situated.  To find out who has authority
   over the name space he wishes to join, the DA can ask the NIC
   Hostmaster.  Information on contacts for the top-level and second-
   level domains can also be found on line in the file NETINFO:DOMAIN-
   CONTACTS.TXT, which is available from the NIC via anonymous FTP.

   The DA should be technically competent; he should understand the
   concepts and procedures for operating a domain server, as described
   in RFC-1034, and make sure that the service provided is reliable and
   uninterrupted.  It is his responsibility or that of his delegate to
   ensure that the data will be current at all times.  As a manager, the
   DA must be able to handle complaints about service provided by his
   domain name server.  He must be aware of the behavior of the hosts in
   his domain, and take prompt action on reports of problems, such as
   protocol violations or other serious misbehavior.  The administrator
   of a domain must be a responsible person who has the authority to
   either enforce these actions himself or delegate them to someone
   else.

   Name assignments within a domain are controlled by the DA, who should
   verify that names are unique within his domain and that they conform
   to standard naming conventions.  He furnishes access to names and
   name-related information to users both inside and outside his domain.
   He should work closely with the personnel he has designated as the
   "technical and zone" contacts for his domain, for many administrative
   decisions will be made on the basis of input from these people.

THE DOMAIN TECHNICAL AND ZONE CONTACT

   A zone consists of those contiguous parts of the domain tree for
   which a domain server has complete information and over which it has
   authority.  A domain server may be authoritative for more than one
   zone.  The domain technical/zone contact is the person who tends to
   the technical aspects of maintaining the domain's name server and
   resolver software, and database files.  He keeps the name server
   running, and interacts with technical people in other domains and
   zones to solve problems that affect his zone.

POLICIES

   Domain or host name choices and the allocation of domain name space
   are considered to be local matters.  In the event of conflicts, it is
   the policy of the NIC not to get involved in local disputes or in the
   local decision-making process.  The NIC will not act as referee in
   disputes over such matters as who has the "right" to register a
   particular top-level or second-level domain for an organization.  The
   NIC considers this a private local matter that must be settled among



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RFC 1032              DOMAIN ADMINISTRATORS GUIDE          November 1987


   the parties involved prior to their commencing the registration
   process with the NIC.  Therefore, it is assumed that the responsible
   person for a domain will have resolved any local conflicts among the
   members of his domain before registering that domain with the NIC.
   The NIC will give guidance, if requested, by answering specific
   technical questions, but will not provide arbitration in disputes at
   the local level.  This policy is also in keeping with the distributed
   hierarchical nature of the domain-naming system in that it helps to
   distribute the tasks of solving problems and handling questions.

   Naming conventions for hosts should follow the rules specified in
   RFC-952.  From a technical standpoint, domain names can be very long.
   Each segment of a domain name may contain up to 64 characters, but
   the NIC strongly advises DAs to choose names that are 12 characters
   or fewer, because behind every domain system there is a human being
   who must keep track of the names, addresses, contacts, and other data
   in a database.  The longer the name, the more likely the data
   maintainer is to make a mistake.  Users also will appreciate shorter
   names.  Most people agree that short names are easier to remember and
   type; most domain names registered so far are 12 characters or fewer.

   Domain name assignments are made on a first-come-first-served basis.
   The NIC has chosen not to register individual hosts directly under
   the top-level domains it administers.  One advantage of the domain
   naming system is that administration and data maintenance can be
   delegated down a hierarchical tree.  Registration of hosts at the
   same level in the tree as a second-level domain would dilute the
   usefulness of this feature.  In addition, the administrator of a
   domain is responsible for the actions of hosts within his domain.  We
   would not want to find ourselves in the awkward position of policing
   the actions of individual hosts.  Rather, the subdomains registered
   under these top-level domains retain the responsibility for this
   function.

   Countries that wish to be registered as top-level domains are
   required to name themselves after the two-letter country code listed
   in the international standard ISO-3166.  In some cases, however, the
   two-letter ISO country code is identical to a state code used by the
   U.S. Postal Service.  Requests made by countries to use the three-
   letter form of country code specified in the ISO-3166 standard will
   be considered in such cases so as to prevent possible conflicts and
   confusion.









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HOW TO REGISTER

   Obtain a domain questionnaire from the NIC hostmaster, or FTP the
   file NETINFO:DOMAIN-TEMPLATE.TXT from host SRI-NIC.ARPA.

   Fill out the questionnaire completely.  Return it via electronic mail
   to [e-mail].

   The APPENDIX to this memo contains the application form for
   registering a top-level or second-level domain with the NIC.  It
   supersedes the version of the questionnaire found in RFC-920.  The
   application should be submitted by the person administratively
   responsible for the domain, and must be filled out completely before
   the NIC will authorize establishment of a top-level or second-level
   domain.  The DA is responsible for keeping his domain's data current
   with the NIC or with the registration agent with which his domain is
   registered.  For example, the CSNET and UUCP managements act as
   domain filters, processing domain applications for their own
   organizations.  They pass pertinent information along periodically to
   the NIC for incorporation into the domain database and root server
   files.  The online file NETINFO:ALTERNATE-DOMAIN-PROCEDURE.TXT
   outlines this procedure.  It is highly recommended that the DA review
   this information periodically and provide any corrections or
   additions.  Corrections should be submitted via electronic mail.

WHICH DOMAIN NAME?

   The designers of the domain-naming system initiated several general
   categories of names as top-level domain names, so that each could
   accommodate a variety of organizations.  The current top-level
   domains registered with the DDN Network Information Center are ARPA,
   COM, EDU, GOV, MIL, NET, and ORG, plus a number of top-level country
   domains.  To join one of these, a DA needs to be aware of the purpose
   for which it was intended.

      "ARPA" is a temporary domain.  It is by default appended to the
      names of hosts that have not yet joined a domain.  When the system
      was begun in 1984, the names of all hosts in the Official DoD
      Internet Host Table maintained by the NIC were changed by adding
      of the label ".ARPA" in order to accelerate a transition to the
      domain-naming system.  Another reason for the blanket name changes
      was to force hosts to become accustomed to using the new style
      names and to modify their network software, if necessary.  This
      was done on a network-wide basis and was directed by DCA in DDN
      Management Bulletin No. 22.  Hosts that fall into this domain will
      eventually move to other branches of the domain tree.





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      "COM" is meant to incorporate subdomains of companies and
      businesses.

      "EDU" was initiated to accommodate subdomains set up by
      universities and other educational institutions.

      "GOV" exists to act as parent domain for subdomains set up by
      government agencies.

      "MIL" was initiated to act as parent to subdomains that are
      developed by military organizations.

      "NET" was introduced as a parent domain for various network-type
      organizations.  Organizations that belong within this top-level
      domain are generic or network-specific, such as network service
      centers and consortia.  "NET" also encompasses network
      management-related organizations, such as information centers and
      operations centers.

      "ORG" exists as a parent to subdomains that do not clearly fall
      within the other top-level domains.  This may include technical-
      support groups, professional societies, or similar organizations.

   One of the guidelines in effect in the domain-naming system is that a
   host should have only one name regardless of what networks it is
   connected to.  This implies, that, in general, domain names should
   not include routing information or addresses.  For example, a host
   that has one network connection to the Internet and another to BITNET
   should use the same name when talking to either network.  For a
   description of the syntax of domain names, please refer to Section 3
   of RFC-1034.

VERIFICATION OF DATA

   The verification process can be accomplished in several ways.  One of
   these is through the NIC WHOIS server.  If he has access to WHOIS,
   the DA can type the command "whois domain <domain name><return>".
   The reply from WHOIS will supply the following: the name and address
   of the organization "owning" the domain; the name of the domain; its
   administrative, technical, and zone contacts; the host names and
   network addresses of sites providing name service for the domain.










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         Example:

         @whois domain rice.edu<Return>

            Rice University (RICE-DOM)
            Advanced Studies and Research
            Houston, TX 77001

            Domain Name: RICE.EDU

               Administrative Contact:
               Kennedy, Ken  (KK28)  [e-mail] [phone]
               Technical Contact, Zone Contact:
               Riffle, Vicky R.  (VRR)  [e-mail]
               [phone] ext 3844

            Domain servers:

            RICE.EDU                     128.42.5.1
            PENDRAGON.CS.PURDUE.EDU      128.10.2.5


   Alternatively, the DA can send an electronic mail message to
   [e-mail].  In the subject line of the message header, the
   DA should type "whois domain <domain name>".  The requested
   information will be returned via electronic mail.  This method is
   convenient for sites that do not have access to the NIC WHOIS
   service.

   The initial application for domain authorization should be submitted
   via electronic mail, if possible, to [e-mail].  The
   questionnaire described in the appendix may be used or a separate
   application can be FTPed from host SRI-NIC.ARPA.  The information
   provided by the administrator will be reviewed by hostmaster
   personnel for completeness.  There will most likely be a few
   exchanges of correspondence via electronic mail, the preferred method
   of communication, prior to authorization of the domain.

HOW TO GET MORE INFORMATION

   An informational table of the top-level domains and their root
   servers is contained in the file NETINFO:DOMAINS.TXT online at SRI-
   NIC.ARPA. This table can be obtained by FTPing the file.
   Alternatively, the information can be acquired by opening a TCP or
   UDP connection to the NIC Host Name Server, port 101 on SRI-NIC.ARPA,
   and invoking the command "ALL-DOM".





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RFC 1032              DOMAIN ADMINISTRATORS GUIDE          November 1987


   The following online files, all available by FTP from SRI-NIC.ARPA,
   contain pertinent domain information:

      - NETINFO:DOMAINS.TXT, a table of all top-level domains and the
        network addresses of the machines providing domain name
        service for them.  It is updated each time a new top-level
        domain is approved.

      - NETINFO:DOMAIN-INFO.TXT contains a concise list of all
        top-level and second-level domain names registered with the
        NIC and is updated monthly.

      - NETINFO:DOMAIN-CONTACTS.TXT also contains a list of all the
        top level and second-level domains, but includes the
        administrative, technical and zone contacts for each as well.

      - NETINFO:DOMAIN-TEMPLATE.TXT contains the questionnaire to be
        completed before registering a top-level or second-level
        domain.

   For either general or specific information on the domain system, do
   one or more of the following:

      1. Send electronic mail to [e-mail]

      2. Call the toll-free NIC hotline at [phone]

      3. Use FTP to get background RFCs and other files maintained
         online at the NIC.  Some pertinent RFCs are listed below in
         the REFERENCES section of this memo.





















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RFC 1032              DOMAIN ADMINISTRATORS GUIDE          November 1987