chapter5.ps

收集了遗传算法、进化计算、神经网络、模糊系统、人工生命、复杂适应系统等相关领域近期的参考论文和研究报告

(5.4  Results and Discussion) 108 246.54 T
0 F
-0.03 (T) 126 222.54 P
-0.03 (able 6  shows the total number of FSMs constructed in each run until one FSM in the) 132.49 222.54 P
0.58 (population guided the ant to all 89 pieces of food within the allotted 200 time steps. The) 108 204.54 P
0.95 (number of generations for each run is listed in the parentheses. The runs are sorted into) 108 186.54 P
1.42 (increasing order so that the fastest and slowest of both methods are compared directly) 108 168.54 P
1.42 (.) 537 168.54 P
1.26 (Speed-up, shown in the last column, was computed by dividing the result from the run) 108 150.54 P
1.79 (without freezing by the result of the run with freezing. T) 108 132.54 P
1.79 (wo additional runs, one with) 395.9 132.54 P
0.99 (freezing and one without, did not \336nd a solution within the maximum 5000 generations) 108 114.54 P
(and have not been included in T) 108 96.54 T
(able 6.) 261.05 96.54 T
252.33 416.54 363.2 444 C
2 12 Q
0 X
0 K
(f) 253.33 427.73 T
(o) 256.66 427.73 T
(o) 262.66 427.73 T
(d) 268.65 427.73 T
0 F
(0) 288.23 427.73 T
(.) 294.23 427.73 T
(0) 297.23 427.73 T
(1) 303.23 427.73 T
(1) 317.03 427.73 T
2 F
(t) 343.94 434.8 T
0 F
(2) 336.61 420.15 T
(0) 342.61 420.15 T
(0) 348.6 420.15 T
3 F
(-) 326.03 427.73 T
(\050) 311.93 427.73 T
(\051) 356.21 427.73 T
(+) 278.65 427.73 T
336.61 430.33 354.35 430.33 2 L
0.33 H
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N
0 0 612 792 C
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108 72 540 702 R
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0.12 (First notice that all of the reported runs, both with and without freezing, evolved solu-) 126 376 P
2.24 (tions to the ant problem more quickly than Jef) 108 358 P
2.24 (ferson et al. \0501992\051 which constructed) 346.93 358 P
0.39 (3,303,014 FSMs. The improvements range between factors of 52 and 4.5. Such improve-) 108 340 P
0.31 (ment is often the case when converting from a genetic algorithm using binary representa-) 108 322 P
4.44 (tions to an evolutionary program. This is because the added complication of an) 108 304 P
-0.23 (interpretation function to convert between the genotypic and phenotypic representations in) 108 286 P
0.35 (the genetic algorithm is avoided in evolutionary programming. Whether or not the dif) 108 268 P
0.35 (fer-) 522.69 268 P
2 (ences between the two evolutionary algorithms is solely responsible for the improved) 108 250 P
1.4 (results or if our modi\336ed \336tness function also contributed to the speed-up is unknown.) 108 232 P
1.88 (Regardless, the improvement over Jef) 108 214 P
1.88 (ferson et al. \0501992\051 both in the previous chapter) 296.82 214 P
(using recurrent neural networks and here with FSMs is noteworthy) 108 196 T
(.) 428 196 T
-0.2 (Next, notice that each of the runs show speed-up in favor of those experiments that use) 126 166 P
1.26 (the added freeze operators. An explanation for these results is that the freezing process) 108 148 P
-0.12 (identi\336es and protects components that are important to the viability of the of) 108 130 P
-0.12 (fspring. Sub-) 477.49 130 P
0.94 (sequent mutations are forced to alter only less crucial components in the representation.) 108 112 P
0.42 (This removes from consideration a number of non-viable modi\336cations that are routinely) 108 94 P
0.73 (explored when freezing is unavailable. The fact that no knowledge of the task is used to) 108 76 P
4 F
(T) 162.33 694 T
(able 6.) 168.55 694 T
2 F
(Speed-up r) 204.2 694 T
(esults for FSA induction for 4 runs with and) 256.04 694 T
(without fr) 204.01 680 T
(eeze and unfr) 250.56 680 T
(eeze.) 314.74 680 T
(Run) 179.51 609 T
(Number of FSMs Evaluated) 247.01 636 T
(\050Number of Generations\051) 253.18 622 T
(Speed Up) 425.48 609 T
(W) 246.25 596 T
(ithout) 255.58 596 T
(Fr) 225.73 582 T
(eeze/Unfr) 237.27 582 T
(eeze) 283.46 582 T
(W) 351.7 596 T
(ith) 361.03 596 T
(Fr) 323.51 582 T
(eeze/Unfr) 335.06 582 T
(eeze) 381.25 582 T
0 F
(1) 186.18 550 T
(187,950) 245.43 558 T
(\0501251\051) 248.93 542 T
(63,000) 346.21 558 T
(\050418\051) 349.71 542 T
(2.99) 438.14 550 T
(2) 186.18 512 T
(269,850) 245.43 520 T
(\0501797\051) 248.93 504 T
(152,100) 343.21 520 T
(\0501012\051) 346.71 504 T
(1.77) 438.14 512 T
(3) 186.18 474 T
(331,200) 245.43 482 T
(\0502206\051) 248.93 466 T
(156,600) 343.21 482 T
(\0501042\051) 346.71 466 T
(2.12) 438.14 474 T
(4) 186.18 436 T
(734,850) 245.43 444 T
(\0504897\051) 248.93 428 T
(607,950) 343.21 444 T
(\0504051\051) 346.71 428 T
(1.20) 438.14 436 T
162.33 651.75 162.33 420.25 2 L
V
0.5 H
0 Z
N
216.02 652.25 216.02 419.75 2 L
V
N
313.81 612.25 313.81 419.75 2 L
V
N
411.59 652.25 411.59 419.75 2 L
V
N
485.67 651.75 485.67 420.25 2 L
V
N
162.08 652 485.92 652 2 L
V
N
215.77 612 411.84 612 2 L
V
N
162.58 573.25 485.42 573.25 2 L
V
N
162.58 570.75 485.42 570.75 2 L
V
N
162.08 534 485.92 534 2 L
V
N
162.08 496 485.92 496 2 L
V
N
162.08 458 485.92 458 2 L
V
N
162.08 420 485.92 420 2 L
V
N
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(102) 522.01 712 T
108 72 540 702 R
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0 X
0.17 (determine which components to freeze indicates the presence of emer) 108 299.02 P
0.17 (gent knowledge. By) 443.39 299.02 P
0.64 (interacting with the task environment, components of the FSMs that are necessary to the) 108 281.02 P
(task are identi\336ed through the behaviorial results after they are modi\336ed.) 108 263.02 T
1.2 (Figure 23 shows the evolved FSM from run 1 with freezing. Frozen transitions and) 126 233.02 P
1.26 (states are shown in grey) 108 215.02 P
1.26 (. This FSM guides the ant to all 89 pieces of food in 193 time) 227.51 215.02 P
0.26 (steps. There are a total of 22 states in this solution only eleven of which are used to solve) 108 197.02 P
0.8 (the problem. T) 108 179.02 P
0.8 (welve of the states and 23 of the 44 possible transitions are frozen in this) 179.71 179.02 P
0.81 (solution. It is dif) 108 161.02 P
0.81 (\336cult to deduce any easily described signi\336cance for the frozen compo-) 189.51 161.02 P
0.54 (nents in this FSM. The non-determinism of the operator places an emphasis on whatever) 108 143.02 P
0.9 (gets results. One observation is that states 1 through 6 and the transitions between them) 108 125.02 P
1.22 (are lar) 108 107.02 P
1.22 (gely protected from modi\336cation. This portion of the FSM is responsible for tra-) 139.3 107.02 P
108 72 540 702 C
119.7 307.02 528.3 702 C
7 X
0 K
90 450 12.29 10.42 192.42 548.56 G
0.5 H
2 Z
0 X
90 450 12.29 10.42 192.42 548.56 A
4 X
90 450 12.29 10.42 174.51 473.95 G
0 X
90 450 12.29 10.42 174.51 473.95 A
7 X
90 450 12.29 10.42 244.68 429.88 G
0 X
90 450 12.29 10.42 244.68 429.88 A
4 X
90 450 12.29 10.42 321.67 424.92 G
0 X
90 450 12.29 10.42 321.67 424.92 A
4 X
90 450 12.29 10.42 397.84 432.03 G
0 X
90 450 12.29 10.42 397.84 432.03 A
7 X
90 450 12.29 10.42 462.82 519.42 G
0 X
90 450 12.29 10.42 462.82 519.42 A
4 X
90 450 12.29 10.42 463.6 586.21 G
0 X
90 450 12.29 10.42 463.6 586.21 A
4 X
90 450 12.29 10.42 463.61 458.32 G
0 X
90 450 12.29 10.42 463.61 458.32 A
4 X
90 450 12.29 10.42 463.6 642.35 G
0 X
90 450 12.29 10.42 463.6 642.35 A
4 X
90 450 12.29 10.42 328.88 676.45 G
0 X
90 450 12.29 10.42 328.88 676.45 A
7 X
90 450 12.29 10.42 201.39 650.87 G
0 X
90 450 12.29 10.42 201.39 650.87 A
310.61 673.36 316.19 671.14 311.48 667.42 311.05 670.39 4 Y
V
211.41 655.98 311.05 670.39 2 L
N
0 12 Q
(F/M) 250.7 668.79 T
216.53 644.33 211.41 647.45 216.67 650.33 216.6 647.33 4 Y
3 X
V
216.6 647.33 449.84 641.77 2 L
N
448.59 652.43 453.04 648.4 447.33 646.56 447.96 649.5 4 Y
V
341.32 672.09 447.97 649.49 2 L
N
2 F
0 X
(F/M) 388.89 664.96 T
(F/M) 384.09 645.82 T
185.59 667.13 190.55 657.88 180.06 658.2 182.82 662.66 4 Y
V
165.42 673.28 182.83 662.66 2 L
3 H
N
0.5 H
3 X
90 180 124.29 33.67 331.7 662.14 A
468.37 659.4 466.4 653.61 462.38 658.21 465.38 658.8 4 Y
V
7 90 135.51 42.63 330.9 653.61 A
0 X
(N/M) 211.41 684.85 T
(1) 198.39 647.9 T
(2) 325.88 673.48 T
(3) 460.6 639.38 T
450.85 597.84 453.58 592.51 447.59 592.8 449.22 595.32 4 Y
3 X
V
335.71 667.83 449.22 595.32 2 L
N
0 X
(N/R) 366.17 624.46 T
(4) 460.6 583.24 T
465.59 535.06 462.4 529.98 459.59 535.28 462.59 535.17 4 Y
V
464.01 574.74 462.59 535.17 2 L
N
0 F
(F/M) 465.6 555.82 T
2 F
(5) 459.82 516.45 T
(6) 460.61 455.35 T
466.21 475.49 463.21 470.29 460.21 475.49 463.21 475.49 4 Y
V
463.21 506.53 463.21 475.49 2 L
N
0 F
(F/M) 465.23 490.08 T
213.76 638.15 211.41 643.66 217.36 642.94 215.56 640.54 4 Y
3 X
V
451.99 464.6 215.56 640.54 2 L
N
2 F
0 X
(F/M) 368.85 528.52 T
410.92 445.65 406.27 441.87 405.32 447.8 408.12 446.73 4 Y
3 X
V
457.6 576.87 408.13 446.72 2 L
N
0 X
(N/L) 427.12 556.24 T
(7) 394.84 429.06 T
340.37 423.09 334.89 425.54 339.75 429.06 340.06 426.07 4 Y
V
383.01 430.5 340.07 426.06 2 L
N
0 F
(N/M) 351.74 417.03 T
2 F
(8) 318.67 421.95 T
261.51 424.66 256.32 427.66 261.51 430.66 261.51 427.66 4 Y
3 X
V
309.24 427.66 261.51 427.66 2 L
N
0 X
(N/L) 280.37 416.26 T
0 F
(9) 241.68 426.97 T
446.04 512.47 451.95 511.46 448.12 506.84 447.08 509.65 4 Y
V
253.11 438.31 447.09 509.65 2 L
N
(N/L) 311.64 470.3 T
319.92 662.49 324.47 666.4 325.58 660.5 322.75 661.49 4 Y
3 X
V
245.9 441.15 322.76 661.49 2 L
N
2 F
0 X
(N/R) 257.93 467.44 T
211.69 548.78 205.79 549.88 209.69 554.44 210.69 551.61 4 Y
3 X
V
450.37 635.85 210.7 551.6 2 L
N
0 X
(1) 186.42 545.59 T
(1) 191.53 545.59 T
(10) 168.51 470.98 T
(N/M) 335.71 604.57 T
191.39 470.38 185.75 472.43 190.34 476.29 190.87 473.34 4 Y
V
448.77 518.61 190.87 473.33 2 L
N
0 F
(N/M) 317.26 507.26 T
450.78 632.38 456.78 632.3 453.71 627.14 452.25 629.76 4 Y
3 X
V
184.95 481.66 452.26 629.76 2 L
N
2 F
0 X
(N/M) 227.45 520.01 T
313.8 667.92 319.65 669.25 317.88 663.52 315.84 665.72 4 Y
3 X
V
200.18 558.4 315.85 665.72 2 L
N
0 X
(F/M) 201.79 585.38 T
238.74 444.98 237.87 439.04 233.16 442.76 235.95 443.87 4 Y
3 X
V
198.58 538.51 235.95 443.86 2 L
N
0 X
(N/R) 184.15 512.91 T
133.65 343.51 514.83 389.64 R
7 X
V
1 10 Q
0 X
3.81 (Figur) 133.65 382.97 P
3.81 (e 23: FSM evolved with compr) 157.35 382.97 P
3.81 (ession in 420 generations. Fr) 306.41 382.97 P
3.81 (ozen states and) 442.8 382.97 P
-0.05 (transitions ar) 133.65 372.97 P
-0.05 (e shown in gr) 190.88 372.97 P
-0.05 (ey) 247.46 372.97 P
-0.05 (. Input symbol set is \050F) 256.35 372.97 P
-0.05 (, N\051 and output symbol set is \050M, L, R,) 352.34 372.97 P
0.87 (N\051 as described in the text. Extraneous states and transitions ar) 133.65 362.97 P
0.87 (e not shown. The initial) 411.68 362.97 P
(state is indicated by the oversized arr) 133.65 352.97 T
(ow) 292.25 352.97 T
(.) 303.92 352.97 T
108 72 540 702 C
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1.31 (versing the continuous stretches of food of the path. Mutation of one of these states or) 108 694 P
(transitions has a high probability of creating an of) 108 676 T
(fspring far below optimal.) 346.96 676 T
0.19 (In a population, dif) 126 646 P
0.19 (ferent members of the population generally encode vastly dif) 218.29 646 P
0.19 (ferent) 512.03 646 P
0.54 (approaches to solving the task. This means that a standard approach to credit assignment) 108 628 P
0.35 (would need to contain knowledge about each of the various possible solutions in order to) 108 610 P
0.23 (determine which components of each FSM to modify) 108 592 P
0.23 (. This amount of explicit knowledge) 364.97 592 P
0.72 (would be prohibitive and would involve accurately determining which solution the FSM) 108 574 P
0.09 (approximated most closely) 108 556 P
0.09 (. However) 236.65 556 P
0.09 (, empirical credit assignment allows no explicit task-) 286.21 556 P
1.75 (speci\336c knowledge to determine those components that are crucial to the solution and) 108 538 P
(those that should be considered for modi\336cation.) 108 520 T
1 F
(5.5  Conclusion) 108 484 T
0 F
0.69 (This chapter demonstrates that components of an FSM that are imperative to solving) 126 460 P
-0.03 (the problem can be identi\336ed using emer) 108 442 P
-0.03 (gent techniques. This is exploited as a weak form) 303.44 442 P
0.15 (of local credit assignment to speed-up the FSM acquisition. The experiments demonstrate) 108 424 P
-0.1 (that emer) 108 406 P
-0.1 (gent techniques can identify task-speci\336c features of a representation without the) 152.65 406 P
(need for explicit task-speci\336c knowledge.) 108 388 T
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