📄 0440processcontrol.htm
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<span style="font-weight:bolder; color:#3333FF"><span class="text_head0">鸟哥的<span class="text_head_en">
Linux </span>私房菜</span></span><br />
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<a href="0440processcontrol.php">
<span class="text_head0">程序与资源管理</span></a><br />
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<span class="text_history">最近更新日期∶2005/09/18</span>
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<table class="head1" summary="排版∶文章档头的说明"><tr><td class="head1">
在 Linux 当中， Linux 是如何分辨一个程序的呢？嗯！当我们的系统里面有太多的死亡的程序的时候，
应该怎样将该程序查出来之后并杀掉他呢？如果主机仅允许一次登入一个终端机画面，
如何从事多个工作的进行呢？还有，如何设定一个程序，让他的执行顺序可以比较快速呢？！
这个都是程序控制的重点项目呦！呵呵！另外一个又更常发生啦！如果我的 X-Window 死掉了！但是我的
Linux 基本上却还是活著的时候，那么是否需要重新 reboot 呢？还是有其他的方式可以重新启动 X-Window ？
仔细瞧一瞧整个 process 的概念喔！
</td></tr></table><br>
<!-- 本文的连结区部分 -->
<div class=block1>
<span class="text_h1">
1. <a href="#whatis">什么是程序 (Process)∶</a><br>
<span class=text_h2>
1.1 <a href="#whatis_program_process">程序与执行档 (process & program)</a><br>
1.2 <a href="#whatis_milti_task">Linux 的多人多工环境</a><br>
</span>
2. <a href="#background">工作管理 (job control)∶</a>
<span class=text_h2><a href="#&">&</a>, <a href="#ctrl-z">[ctrl]-z</a>, <a href="#jobs">jobs</a>,
<a href="#fg">fg</a>, <a href="#bg">bg</a>, <a href="#killjobs">kill</a></span><br>
3. <a href="#process">程序管理</a><br>
<span class=text_h2>
3.1 <a href="#process_1">程序的观察∶</a> <a href="#ps">ps</a>, <a href="#top">top</a>,
<a href="#pstree">pstree</a><br>
3.2 <a href="#process_2">程序的删除</a>∶ <a href="#kill">kill</a>,
<a href="#killall">killall</a><br>
3.3 <a href="#process_3">系统资源的观察</a>∶ <a href="#free">free</a>,
<a href="#uname">uname</a>, <a href="#uptime">uptime</a>,
<a href="#netstat">netstat</a>, <a href="#dmesg">dmesg</a>, <a href="#sar">sar</a><br>
</span>
4. <a href="#priority">关于程序的执行顺序∶</a>
<span class=text_h2><a href="#nice">nice</a>, <a href="#renice">renice</a></span><br>
5. <a href="#special">特殊档案与程序∶</a><br>
<span class=text_h2>
5.1 <a href="#suid_sgid">SUID/SGID/SBIT 的概念</a><br>
5.2 <a href="#proc">/proc/* 代表的意义</a><br>
5.3 <a href="#ofile">查询已开启档案或已执行程序开启之档案∶ <a href="#fuser">fuser</a>,
<a href="#lsof">lsof</a>, <a href="#pidof">pidof</a><br>
</span>
6. <a href="#FAQ">本章习题练习</a><br>
<span class=text_h2>
7. <a href="http://phorum.vbird.org/viewtopic.php?t=23890"
target="_blank">针对本文的建议∶http://phorum.vbird.org/viewtopic.php?t=23890</a>
</span>
</span>
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<!-- 本文的正式部分 -->
<hr><a NAME="whatis"></a><img src="images/penguin-m.gif" alt="大标题的图示" height="34" width="25" align="middle" /><span class="text_h1">什么是程序 (process)</span><br>
<div class=block1>
由前面一连几个章节的资料看来，我们一直强调在 Linux 底下所有的指令与您能够进行的动作都与权限有关，
而系统如何判定你的权限呢？当然就是前面 <a href="0410accountmanager.php">帐号管理</a>
章节当中提到的 UID/GID 的相关概念，以及档案的属性相关性棉！再进一步来解释，
您现在大概知道，在 Linux 系统当中∶『<span class=text_import2>触发任何一个事件时，
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