📄 mega8学习笔记(1)-------cocoguojia 原创--单片机实验室-----嘉哥.htm
字号:
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN
lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT
face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN
lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><2>AVR
ATmega8 </FONT></SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">中文数据手册</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes">
</SPAN>pdf</FONT></SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">格式的</SPAN><FONT
face="Times New Roman"> </FONT><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(在网上可以下载,有的是)</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN
lang=EN-US><o:p><FONT
face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="WORD-BREAK: break-all"><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"><3></SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=宋体>另外:推荐</FONT></SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt">
</SPAN><FONT face=宋体><st1:PersonName ProductID="马潮"
w:st="on"><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">马潮</SPAN></st1:PersonName><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">老师写的</SPAN></FONT><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt">
</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=宋体>《</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt">AVR</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=宋体>单片机嵌入式系统原理与应用实践》</FONT></SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt">
</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=宋体>北京航天航空大学出版社出版</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt">
</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=宋体>是讲解</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt">mega16</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=宋体>的</FONT></SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt">
</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=宋体>讲解的</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt">IDE</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=宋体>也是</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt">CVAVR
(</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=宋体>由于</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt">mega8</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=宋体>和</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt">mega16</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=宋体>的“血缘关系”很近,所以也可以来做参考</FONT></SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US
style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt">)<SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN> ouravr
</SPAN><FONT face=宋体><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">网站上也有<st1:PersonName
ProductID="马"
w:st="on">马</st1:PersonName>老师的专栏。</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US
style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="WORD-BREAK: break-all"><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> </SPAN><FONT
face=宋体><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">教材讲解的都不错,但一本教材一定有疏漏的地方或者是错误的地方。有些知识在这本书中讲解的不详细或者讲解的不好而在另一本书中讲解的就不错,所以最好是多本书或者是资料共同参可的来学(也要多动手哦,光看不练是不能进步的!)。</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US
style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="WORD-BREAK: break-all"><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=宋体>第二步:</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt">IDE<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="WORD-BREAK: break-all"><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=宋体>把</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt">IDE</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=宋体>环境下载并安装上</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt">-----CVAVR</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=宋体>。</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt">CVAVR</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=宋体>有官方的试用版可以免费下载</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt">---</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=宋体>对于初学者来说已经够用了。</FONT></SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt">
</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=宋体>另外:<st1:PersonName ProductID="马潮"
w:st="on">马潮</st1:PersonName>老师写的</FONT></SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt">
</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=宋体>《</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt">AVR</SPAN><FONT
face=宋体><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">单片机嵌入式系统原理与应用实践》带关盘里面有试用版的安装软件。</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US
style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="WORD-BREAK: break-all"><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=宋体>第三步:大体浏览各个资料,对</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt">avr</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=宋体>有个大体的认识就行,用时最多</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt">1</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT
face=宋体>个小时。</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></SPAN></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
<TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width="100%" border=0>
<TBODY>
<TR>
<TD height=3> </TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
<TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width="100%" border=0>
<TBODY class=seyle99>
<TR>
<TD>
<DIV align=right><A
href="http://www.mcublog.com/blog/blog2007/cocoguojia/archives/2008/28220.html#">阅读全文<SPAN
id=ob_logreaded></SPAN></A> | <A
href="http://www.mcublog.com/blog/blog2007/cocoguojia/archives/2008/28220.html#cmt">回复(0)</A>
<SPAN id=ob_logm28220></SPAN>| <A
href="http://www.mcublog.com/blog/showtb.asp?id=28220"
target=_blank>引用通告<SPAN id=ob_tbnum></SPAN></A> | <A
href="http://www.mcublog.com/blog/user_post.asp?logid=28220"
target=_blank>编辑</A></DIV></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
<TABLE height=14 cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width="100%"
align=center border=0>
<TBODY>
<TR>
<TD
class=content5></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
<DIV id=blogaddon>
<LI>标签:<SPAN><A
href="http://www.mcublog.com/blog/blog2007/cocoguojia/cmd.html?uid=16550&do=tag_blogs&id=33">AVR</A></SPAN> <SPAN><A
href="http://www.mcublog.com/blog/blog2007/cocoguojia/cmd.html?uid=16550&do=tag_blogs&id=485">Mega8</A></SPAN> <SPAN><A
href="http://www.mcublog.com/blog/blog2007/cocoguojia/cmd.html?uid=16550&do=tag_blogs&id=5559">CVAVR</A></SPAN> <SPAN><A
href="http://www.mcublog.com/blog/blog2007/cocoguojia/cmd.html?uid=16550&do=tag_blogs&id=684">入门</A></SPAN> <SPAN><A
href="http://www.mcublog.com/blog/blog2007/cocoguojia/cmd.html?uid=16550&do=tag_blogs&id=5590">如何学习</A></SPAN> <SPAN><A
href="http://www.mcublog.com/blog/blog2007/cocoguojia/cmd.html?uid=16550&do=tag_blogs&id=80">单片机</A></SPAN> <SPAN><A
href="http://www.mcublog.com/blog/blog2007/cocoguojia/cmd.html?uid=16550&do=tag_blogs&id=5591">自学</A></SPAN> </LI></DIV>
<DIV id=morelog>
<UL>
<LI>上一篇:<A
href="http://www.mcublog.com/blog/blog2007/cocoguojia/archives/2008/28126.html">CVAVR--学习阶段性心得</A>
<LI>下一篇:<A
href="http://www.mcublog.com/blog/blog2007/cocoguojia/archives/2008/28221.html">Mega8学习笔记(2)-------cocoguojia 原创</A>
</LI></UL></DIV>
<DIV id=form_comment>
<DIV id=gg_usercomment></DIV><A name=cmt></A>
<DIV class=title>发表评论:</DIV>
<FORM id=commentform name=commentform
onsubmit="return Verifycomment()"
action=/blog/savecomment.asp?logid=28220 method=post>
<DIV class=d1><LABEL>昵称:<INPUT id=UserName maxLength=20
name=UserName></LABEL></DIV>
<DIV class=d2><LABEL>密码:<INPUT id=Password type=password
maxLength=20 name=Password> (游客无须输入密码)</LABEL></DIV>
<DIV class=d3><LABEL>主页:<INPUT id=homepage maxLength=50 size=42
value=http:// name=homepage></LABEL></DIV>
<DIV class=d4><LABEL>标题:<INPUT id=commenttopic maxLength=50 size=42
value=Re:Mega8学习笔记(1)-------cocoguojia 原创
name=commenttopic></LABEL></DIV>
<DIV class=d5><INPUT id=edit type=hidden name=edit>
<DIV id=oblog_edit>数据载入中...</DIV></DIV>
<DIV class=d6><SPAN id=ob_code></SPAN><INPUT onclick='oblog_edittext.createTextRange().execCommand("Copy");' type=submit value= 提 交 ></DIV></FORM></DIV></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></DIV></TD>
<TD vAlign=top align=right width=205><IMG height=425 alt=""
src="Mega8学习笔记(1)-------cocoguojia 原创--单片机实验室-----嘉哥.files/index_04.jpg"
width=150></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
<TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width=1004 border=0>
<TBODY>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=top bgColor=#f4f4f4><IMG height=18 alt=""
src="Mega8学习笔记(1)-------cocoguojia 原创--单片机实验室-----嘉哥.files/index_16.jpg"
width=1004> </TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE><SPAN id=gg_userbot></SPAN>
<DIV id=powered><A href="http://www.mcublog.com/" target=_blank><IMG
alt="Powered by McuBLog."
src="Mega8学习笔记(1)-------cocoguojia 原创--单片机实验室-----嘉哥.files/mcublog_powered.gif"
border=0></A></DIV>
<SCRIPT
src="Mega8学习笔记(1)-------cocoguojia 原创--单片机实验室-----嘉哥.files/200805.htm"></SCRIPT>
<SCRIPT
src="Mega8学习笔记(1)-------cocoguojia 原创--单片机实验室-----嘉哥.files/count.htm"></SCRIPT>
<SCRIPT
src="Mega8学习笔记(1)-------cocoguojia 原创--单片机实验室-----嘉哥.files/commentedit.htm"></SCRIPT>
<SCRIPT
src="F:\download\mega8学习笔记\Mega8学习笔记(1)-------cocoguojia 原创--单片机实验室-----嘉哥.files\count(1).htm"></SCRIPT>
<SCRIPT src=""></SCRIPT>
<SCRIPT
src="Mega8学习笔记(1)-------cocoguojia 原创--单片机实验室-----嘉哥.files/ShowXml.htm"></SCRIPT>
<SCRIPT
src="F:\download\mega8学习笔记\Mega8学习笔记(1)-------cocoguojia 原创--单片机实验室-----嘉哥.files\count(2).htm"></SCRIPT>
</BODY></HTML>
⌨️ 快捷键说明
复制代码
Ctrl + C
搜索代码
Ctrl + F
全屏模式
F11
切换主题
Ctrl + Shift + D
显示快捷键
?
增大字号
Ctrl + =
减小字号
Ctrl + -