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(s.e.=2.0 cm).
</procdesc>
<procdate>1993</procdate>
<srcused>DOC 51-60 CA</srcused>
<srcused>DOC 51-60 NV</srcused>
<srcused>NCDC 61-90 A CA</srcused>
<srcused>NCDC 61-90 M CA</srcused>
<srcused>NCDC 61-90 A NV</srcused>
<srcused>NCDC 61-90 M NV</srcused>
</procstep>
<procstep>
<procdesc>
Estimates of MAP and MAT listed under "this study" were
obtained using the linear regression equations calculated
from data in file regclim.xls. These equations are:
MAT = -0.0072E+23.4
MAP (interior deserts) = 0.00555E+7.075
MAP (Colo.R.-Salton Sea) = 0.01013+7.468
MAP (SW Calif.) = 0.05E+5.002
where E is elevation in meters. For comparison, MAP is
also calculated using other published equations. For
stations on the Nevada Test Site (T-1 through T-9) I used
the equation of Quiring (1983), in which y = MAP in inches
and x = elevation in thousands of feet:
y = 1.36x - 0.51
For stations in southern Nevada, including the Nevada Test
Site, I used the equations of French (1983), in which
y = MAP in inches and x = elevation in feet. French (1983)
divided southern Nevada roughly into thirds based on the
paths of moisture-carrying air masses from the west and
south; the eastern third has the most rainfall, the
western third has the least, and the central third is
intermediate:
Eastern: log y = 0.0000933x + 0.486
Central: log y = 0.0000786x + 0.446
Western: log y = 0.0000365x + 0.505
MAP at the closest weather station to the dust-trap site
is also given. Estimates of MAP for sites near Los
Angeles, including T-51 through T-54, using the equations
from this study gave unrealistically low values (see file
trapclim.xls) because this area is under a coastal rather
than an interior climate. Thus, in the papers written
using these data, MAP for these sites is assumed to be
about the same as that at the nearest weather station.
</procdesc>
<procdate>1993</procdate>
</procstep>
<procstep>
<procdesc>
Mean monthly precipitation and temperature from 1984 to
1989 were acquired from the National Climatic Data Center
(1984-1989) for weather stations in southern Nevada and
California that were closest to dust-trap sites and
entered into a spreadsheet in order to calculate mean
annual values for climatic variables and compare them to
long-term means (calculated in file aveclim.xls).
Seasonal precipitation (May-October and November-April)
was calculated from monthly values.
</procdesc>
<procdate>1993</procdate>
</procstep>
<procstep>
<procdesc>
Secondary climatic variables were calculated from the data
in file climate.txt These secondary variables include
monthly and annual potential evapotranspiration (PET) and
the leaching index (LI) of Arkley (1963). The leaching
index is a measure of available moisture obtained by
subtracting monthly evapotranspiration from monthly
precipitation. PET was calculated for all stations with
both temperature and precipitation data using the method
of Thornthwaite (1948), and for stations with mean
minimum and maximum temperatures using the method of
Papadakis (1965). The leaching index is calculated for
both methods of PET. Pan evaporation measurements are
also given where available (National Climatic Data Center
and Farnsworth and others, 1982) for comparison.
PET is more readily calculated by the Thornthwaite method
than by the Papadakis method, because the latter requires
mean minimum and maximum temperatures that are commonly
not recorded at some weather stations. However, according
to Taylor (1986), the Thornthwaite method applied to
climatic data for arid regions yields PET values that are
much too low (as much as 150% compared to evaporation-pan
data for the growing season). The Papadakis method
provides estimates of PET that are closest to pan data in
arid climates. Many thanks to Emily Taylor (U.S.
Geological Survey) for guiding me through the complex
calculations of PET and providing me with the appropriate
references.
[Editor's note: These equations contain expressions that
cannot be conveniently represented in plain ASCII text.
Accordingly, I have coded the expressions using the
notation of the programming language BASIC, hoping that
most people will understand that. BASIC has no
subscripting, however, so I used the underscore to
indicate that the next character or two is subscripted.
The correct notations can be obtained by examining the
original document, in Microsoft Word for DOS format.]
LI = (P - PET) summed for each month in which P > PET.
PET (Thornthwaite) = F(1.6(10t/I)^a)
where
t temperature (degrees C) for the month
I sum for 12 months of (t/5)^1.514 (given in column "heat factor I")
a (6.75*10^(-7) * I^3) - (7.71* 10^(-5) * I^2) + (0.1792 * I) + 0.49239 (given in column "exponent a")
F day length factor (from table V in Thornthwaite, 1948)
PET (Papadakis) = 5.625 (e_ma - e_d)
where
e_ma is saturation vapor pressure of monthly average daily maximum temperature (mbars)
e_d is monthly average vapor pressure (dew point) (mbars)
According to Lindsley and others (1975, p. 35), vapour
pressures are calculated by:
e_ma = (33.869(0.00738 (max.T) + 0.8072)^8 - 0.00019 |1.8 (max.T) | + 0.001316)
e_d = (33.869(0.00738 (min.T) + 0.8072)^8 - 0.00019 |1.8 (min.T) | + 0.001316)
where max.T is the monthly average maximum temperature and
min.T is the monthly average minimum temperature.
[Editor's note: Here are the preceding equations rendered
in TeX:
{\parskip=\medskipamount
$LI = (P - PET)$ summed for each month in which $P > PET$.
$$PET (\hbox{Thornthwaite}) = F(1.6(10t/I)^a)$$
where
$$\halign{\quad # \hfil & \quad # \hfil\cr
$t$ & temperature (degrees C) for the month\cr
$I$ & sum for twelve months of $(t/5)^{1.514}$ (given in column ``heat factor I'')\cr
$a$ & $(6.75 \times 10^{-7}I^3) - (7.71 \times 10^{-5}I^2) + (0.1792I) + 0.49239$ (given in column ``exponent a'')\cr
$F$ & day length factor (from table V in Thornthwaite, 1948)\cr
}$$
$$PET (\hbox{Papadakis}) = 5.625 (e_{ma} - e_d)$$
where
$$\halign{\quad # \hfil & \quad # \hfil\cr
$e_{ma}$ & is the saturation vapor pressure of monthly average daily maximum temperature (in mbar), and \cr
$e_d$ & is the monthly average vapor pressure (dew point) in mbars\cr
}$$
According to Lindsley and others (1975, p. 35), vapor pressures are calculated by:
$$e_{ma} = (33.869(0.00738 (\hbox{max.T}) + 0.8072)^8 - 0.00019 \vert 1.8 (\hbox{max.T}) \vert + 0.001316)$$
$$e_d = (33.869(0.00738 (\hbox{min.T}) + 0.8072)^8 - 0.00019 \vert 1.8 (\hbox{min.T}) \vert + 0.001316)$$
where max.T is the monthly average maximum temperature and min.T is the monthly average minimum temperature.
}
[Editor's note: end of TeX rendition of the equations.]
</procdesc>
<procdate>1993</procdate>
</procstep>
</lineage>
</dataqual>
<spdoinfo>
<direct>Point</direct>
<ptvctinf>
<sdtsterm>
<sdtstype>Entity Point</sdtstype>
<ptvctcnt>101</ptvctcnt>
</sdtsterm>
</ptvctinf>
</spdoinfo>
<spref>
<horizsys>
<geograph>
<latres>0.01</latres>
<longres>0.01</longres>
<geogunit>Decimal degrees</geogunit>
</geograph>
</horizsys>
</spref>
<eainfo>
<overview>
<eaover>
This data set contains 430 distinct attributes, some of which
directly describe entities and some merely qualify the values
of other attributes. Documenting these attributes using the
detailed form of the Content Standards for Digital Geospatial
Metadata is possible in principle but cannot be carried out
in a timely fashion.
In general the attributes describe two types of entities,
dust samples collected from traps deployed in Southwestern
Nevada and nearby California, and weather stations nearby
the dust collection sites. These observations are coded in
ASCII tables in which the rows typically refer to the entities
and the columns typically refer to characteristics of those
entities. Here is a list of attributes, sorted by the name of
the file in which they appear, the column within the file, and
giving the column heading that identifies the attribute.
Core/meta/samples.txt 1 Trap sample id
Core/meta/samples.txt 2 Lab No. (GRL-)
Core/meta/samples.txt 3 Days out
Core/meta/samples.txt 4 Problem?
Core/meta/trapsite.txt 1 trap
Core/meta/trapsite.txt 2 latitude
Core/meta/trapsite.txt 3 longitude
Core/meta/trapsite.txt 4 elevation (m)
Core/meta/trapsite.txt 5 geographic area
Core/meta/trapsite.txt 6 transect (km)*
Core/meta/trapsite.txt 7 primary source source**
Core/meta/trapsite.txt 8 primary source lithology***
Core/meta/trapsite.txt 9 secondary source source**
Core/meta/trapsite.txt 10 secondary source lithology**
Core/raw/labdust.txt 1 Trap sample id
Core/raw/labdust.txt 2 Lab# (GRL-)
Core/raw/labdust.txt 3 Days out
Core/raw/labdust.txt 4 Organic carbon %
Core/raw/labdust.txt 5 Organic matter %
Core/raw/labdust.txt 6 %CaCO3 (total)
Core/raw/labdust.txt 7 %CaCO3 (OM-free)
Core/raw/labdust.txt 8 %salts (total)
Core/raw/labdust.txt 9 %salts (OM-free)
Core/raw/labdust.txt 10 %gypsum (total)
Core/raw/labdust.txt 11 %gypsum (OM-free)
Core/raw/labdust.txt 12 Mineral wt (g)**
Core/raw/labdust.txt 13 % <2mm
Core/raw/labdust.txt 14 sand % of <2mm fraction
Core/raw/labdust.txt 15 silt % of <2mm fraction
Core/raw/labdust.txt 16 clay % of <2mm fraction
Core/raw/labdust.txt 17 textural class
Core/raw/flux.txt 1 Trap
Core/raw/flux.txt 2 CO3
Core/raw/flux.txt 3 salt
Core/raw/flux.txt 4 gypsum
Core/raw/flux.txt 5 min_wgt_Q
Core/raw/flux.txt 6 min_wgt
Core/raw/flux.txt 7 dustflux_Q
Core/raw/flux.txt 8 dustflux
Core/raw/flux.txt 9 CO3_flux_Q
Core/raw/flux.txt 10 CO3_flux
Core/raw/flux.txt 11 saltflux_Q
Core/raw/flux.txt 12 saltflux
Core/raw/flux.txt 13 gypsflux_Q
Core/raw/flux.txt 14 gypsflux
Core/raw/flux.txt 15 sandflux_Q
Core/raw/flux.txt 16 sandflux
Core/raw/flux.txt 17 siltflux_Q
Core/raw/flux.txt 18 siltflux
Core/raw/flux.txt 19 clayflux_Q
Core/raw/flux.txt 20 clayflux
Core/raw/flux_avg.txt 1 Trap
Core/raw/flux_avg.txt 2 CO3_avg
Core/raw/flux_avg.txt 3 salt_avg
Core/raw/flux_avg.txt 4 gypsum_avg
Core/raw/flux_avg.txt 5 min_wgt_avg
Core/raw/flux_avg.txt 6 min_wgt_sel_avg
Core/raw/flux_avg.txt 7 dustflux_avg
Core/raw/flux_avg.txt 8 dustflux_sel_avg
Core/raw/flux_avg.txt 9 CO3_flux_avg
Core/raw/flux_avg.txt 10 CO3_flux_sel_avg
Core/raw/flux_avg.txt 11 saltflux_avg
Core/raw/flux_avg.txt 12 saltflux_sel_avg
Core/raw/flux_avg.txt 13 gypsflux_avg
Core/raw/flux_avg.txt 14 gypsflux_sel_avg
Core/raw/flux_avg.txt 15 sandflux_avg
Core/raw/flux_avg.txt 16 sandflux_sel_avg
Core/raw/flux_avg.txt 17 siltflux_avg
Core/raw/flux_avg.txt 18 siltflux_sel_avg
Core/raw/flux_avg.txt 19 clayflux_avg
Core/raw/flux_avg.txt 20 clayflux_sel_avg
Core/raw/flux/CO3.txt 1 Trap
Core/raw/flux/CO3.txt 2 1985
Core/raw/flux/CO3.txt 3 1986
Core/raw/flux/CO3.txt 4 1987
Core/raw/flux/CO3.txt 5 1988
Core/raw/flux/CO3.txt 6 1989
Core/raw/flux/CO3.txt 7 average
Core/raw/flux/CO3.txt 8 Selected average
Core/raw/flux/salt.txt 1 Trap
Core/raw/flux/salt.txt 2 1985
Core/raw/flux/salt.txt 3 1986
Core/raw/flux/salt.txt 4 1987
Core/raw/flux/salt.txt 5 1988
Core/raw/flux/salt.txt 6 1989
Core/raw/flux/salt.txt 7 average
Core/raw/flux/salt.txt 8 Selected average
Core/raw/flux/gypsum.txt 1 Trap
Core/raw/flux/gypsum.txt 2 1985
Core/raw/flux/gypsum.txt 3 1986
Core/raw/flux/gypsum.txt 4 1987
Core/raw/flux/gypsum.txt 5 1988
Core/raw/flux/gypsum.txt 6 1989
Core/raw/flux/gypsum.txt 7 average
Core/raw/flux/gypsum.txt 8 Selected average
Core/raw/flux/min_wgt.txt 1 Trap
Core/raw/flux/min_wgt.txt 2 Q85
Core/raw/flux/min_wgt.txt 3 1985
Core/raw/flux/min_wgt.txt 4 Q86
Core/raw/flux/min_wgt.txt 5 1986
Core/raw/flux/min_wgt.txt 6 Q87
Core/raw/flux/min_wgt.txt 7 1987
Core/raw/flux/min_wgt.txt 8 Q88
Core/raw/flux/min_wgt.txt 9 1988
Core/raw/flux/min_wgt.txt 10 Q89
Core/raw/flux/min_wgt.txt 11 1989
Core/raw/flux/min_wgt.txt 12 average
Core/raw/flux/min_wgt.txt 13 Selected average
Core/raw/flux/CO3_flux.txt 1 Trap
Core/raw/flux/CO3_flux.txt 2 Q85
Core/raw/flux/CO3_flux.txt 3 1985
Core/raw/flux/CO3_flux.txt 4 Q86
Core/raw/flux/CO3_flux.txt 5 1986
Core/raw/flux/CO3_flux.txt 6 Q87
Core/raw/flux/CO3_flux.txt 7 1987
Core/raw/flux/CO3_flux.txt 8 Q88
Core/raw/flux/CO3_flux.txt 9 1988
Core/raw/flux/CO3_flux.txt 10 Q89
Core/raw/flux/CO3_flux.txt 11 1989
Core/raw/flux/CO3_flux.txt 12 average
Core/raw/flux/CO3_flux.txt 13 Selected average
Core/raw/flux/saltflux.txt 1 Trap
Core/raw/flux/saltflux.txt 2 Q85
Core/raw/flux/saltflux.txt 3 1985
Core/raw/flux/saltflux.txt 4 Q86
Core/raw/flux/saltflux.txt 5 1986
Core/raw/flux/saltflux.txt 6 Q87
Core/raw/flux/saltflux.txt 7 1987
Core/raw/flux/saltflux.txt 8 Q88
Core/raw/flux/saltflux.txt 9 1988
Core/raw/flux/saltflux.txt 10 Q89
Core/raw/flux/saltflux.txt 11 1989
Core/raw/flux/saltflux.txt 12 average
Core/raw/flux/saltflux.txt 13 Selected average
Core/raw/flux/gypsflux.txt 1 Trap
Core/raw/flux/gypsflux.txt 2 Q85
Core/raw/flux/gypsflux.txt 3 1985
Core/raw/flux/gypsflux.txt 4 Q86
Core/raw/flux/gypsflux.txt 5 1986
Core/raw/flux/gypsflux.txt 6 Q87
Core/raw/flux/gypsflux.txt 7 1987
Core/raw/flux/gypsflux.txt 8 Q88
Core/raw/flux/gypsflux.txt 9 1988
Core/raw/flux/gypsflux.txt 10 Q89
Core/raw/flux/gypsflux.txt 11 1989
Core/raw/flux/gypsflux.txt 12 average
Core/raw/flux/gypsflux.txt 13 Selected average
Core/raw/flux/dustflux.txt 1 Trap
Core/raw/flux/dustflux.txt 2 Q85
Core/raw/flux/dustflux.txt 3 1985
Core/raw/flux/dustflux.txt 4 Q86
Core/raw/flux/dustflux.txt 5 1986
Core/raw/flux/dustflux.txt 6 Q87
Core/raw/flux/dustflux.txt 7 1987
Core/raw/flux/dustflux.txt 8 Q88
Core/raw/flux/dustflux.txt 9 1988
Core/raw/flux/dustflux.txt 10 Q89
Core/raw/flux/dustflux.txt 11 1989
Core/raw/flux/dustflux.txt 12 average
Core/raw/flux/dustflux.txt 13 Selected average
Core/raw/flux/sandflux.txt 1 Trap
Core/raw/flux/sandflux.txt 2 Q85
Core/raw/flux/sandflux.txt 3 1985
Core/raw/flux/sandflux.txt 4 Q86
Core/raw/flux/sandflux.txt 5 1986
Core/raw/flux/sandflux.txt 6 Q87
Core/raw/flux/sandflux.txt 7 1987
Core/raw/flux/sandflux.txt 8 Q88
Core/raw/flux/sandflux.txt 9 1988
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