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<P> OPA343的PDF上描述特性时rail to rail 是什么意思呢？</P>
<P>RAIL TORAIL INPUT；RAIL TO RAIL OUPUT（within 1mv）,下面是网上找到的一些介绍</P>
<P> 翻译成汉语即“轨至轨”，指器件的输入输出电压范围可以达到电源电压。<BR><BR> 传统的模拟集成器件，如运放、A/D、D/A等，其模拟引脚的电压范围一般都达不到电源，以运放为例，电源为+/-15V的运放，为确保性能（首先是不损坏，其次是不反相，最后是足够的共模抑制比），输入范围一般不要超过+/-10V，常温下也不要超过+/-12V；输出范围，负载RL&gt;10kohm时一般只有+/-11V，小负载电阻(600ohm)时只能保证+/-10V。这对器件的应用带来很多不便。<BR><BR> <STRONG
style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffff66">rail</STRONG>-<STRONG
style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #a0ffff">to</STRONG>-<STRONG
style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffff66">rail</STRONG>的器件，一般都是低压器件（+/-5V 或 single +5V），输入输出电压都能达到电源（输入甚至可以超过）。其原理上的秘诀便在于电流模＋NPN/PNP互补输入结构。<STRONG
style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffff66">rail</STRONG>-<STRONG
style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #a0ffff">to</STRONG>-<STRONG
style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffff66">rail</STRONG>器件的某些设计思想，对我们自己设计电路也可以提供一些有益的思路。<BR><BR> 现在<STRONG
style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffff66">rail</STRONG>-<STRONG
style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #a0ffff">to</STRONG>-<STRONG
style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffff66">rail</STRONG>的单电源模拟器件已形成系列（如MAXIM,AD,TI等），在许多对性能（精度）要求不高的场合，我们可以考虑全部采用单+5V甚至+2.7V的模拟器件来构成我们的系统，这样模拟电路和数字电路便可以公用一个电源（不过要注意电源去耦）。而且这类器件大量采用SOT封装，有利于设计出体积功耗都很小的产品。<BR></P>
<P>轨至轨(<STRONG style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffff66">rail</STRONG>
<STRONG style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #a0ffff">to</STRONG> <STRONG
style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffff66">rail</STRONG>)
运放<BR><BR>
有一类特殊的放大器具有非常低的端边占用电压（headroom）要求,<BR><BR>称之谓输出摆幅与供电电压相同（轨至轨<STRONG
style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffff66">rail</STRONG> <STRONG
style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #a0ffff">to</STRONG> <STRONG
style="COLOR: black; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffff66">rail</STRONG>）放大器。由于它<BR><BR>们独特的功能可工作在它们的输人and/or输出范围的极限值。在或接近地<BR><BR>and/or接近正端（在几个毫伏之内）。这样就显著地增大了系统的动态范<BR><BR>围。达到几乎整个电源电压范围。<BR><BR>
传统的运算放大器输入设计或者采用NPN双结型晶体管（BJT)---该<BR><BR>型器件具有高带宽,较低的噪声和低漂移优点,但消耗的电流较大---或者<BR><BR>采用场效应结型晶体管（JFET）．该型器件具有非常高的输入阻抗,非常<BR><BR>低的漏（偏置）电流和低失真优点。<BR><BR>
不幸的是,两种设计都要求在双电源即+和-电源下工作并且要求在每<BR><BR>一端有2～3V的端边占用电压（heallroom）以便有效地工作在它们的线性<BR><BR>范围之内。<BR><BR>
轨至轨放大器采用一种特殊的输入结构,采用背靠背NPN和PNP输入晶<BR><BR>体管和双折式共射共基放大电路使输入可达到每一个电源端点的几个毫伏<BR><BR>之内。<BR><BR>
传统运放的输出级使用一个按AB类工作安排的NPN-PNP射极跟随器对．<BR><BR>输出摆幅受到每个晶体管的Vbe,
外加串联电阻上IR压降的限制。轨至轨放<BR><BR>大器的输出从NPN-PNP对结构的集电极引出,输出摆幅仅受到晶体管Vcesat<BR><BR>（该值可以仅为几个毫伏,这取决于集电极-发射极间的电流）、Ron和负<BR><BR>载电流的限制。<BR><BR>
一个轨至轨放大器特性好到什么程度的标志是它在零电压或接近零<BR><BR>电压时保持线性的能力。</P><BR><BR>
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