refcards.html

一本完整的描述Unix Shell 编程的工具书的所有范例

ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>${var:-DEFAULT}</TT
></TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>If <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>var</I
></TT
> not set or is empty,
		evaluate expression as <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>$DEFAULT</I
></TT
>
		*</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>&nbsp;</TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>&nbsp;</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>${var=DEFAULT}</TT
></TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>If <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>var</I
></TT
> not set, evaluate expression
	        as <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>$DEFAULT</I
></TT
> *</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>${var:=DEFAULT}</TT
></TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>If <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>var</I
></TT
> not set, evaluate expression
	        as <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>$DEFAULT</I
></TT
> *</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>&nbsp;</TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>&nbsp;</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>${var+OTHER}</TT
></TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>If <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>var</I
></TT
> set, evaluate expression as
	        <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>$OTHER</I
></TT
>, otherwise as null string</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>${var:+OTHER}</TT
></TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>If <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>var</I
></TT
> set, evaluate expression as
	        <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>$OTHER</I
></TT
>, otherwise as null string</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>&nbsp;</TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>&nbsp;</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>${var?ERR_MSG}</TT
></TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>If <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>var</I
></TT
> not set, print
	        <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>$ERR_MSG</I
></TT
> *</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>${var:?ERR_MSG}</TT
></TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>If <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>var</I
></TT
> not set, print
	        <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>$ERR_MSG</I
></TT
> *</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>&nbsp;</TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>&nbsp;</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>${!varprefix*}</TT
></TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>Matches all previously declared variables beginning with
	        <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>varprefix</I
></TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>${!varprefix@}</TT
></TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>Matches all previously declared variables beginning with
	        <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>varprefix</I
></TT
></TD
></TR
></TBODY
></TABLE
><HR></DIV
><P
><B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>*</B
> Of course if <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>var</I
></TT
>
        <I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>is</I
> set, evaluate the expression as
	<TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>$var</I
></TT
>.</P
><DIV
CLASS="TABLE"
><HR><A
NAME="AEN17163"
></A
><P
><B
>Table B-5. String Operations</B
></P
><TABLE
BORDER="1"
CLASS="CALSTABLE"
><THEAD
><TR
><TH
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>Expression</TH
><TH
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>Meaning</TH
></TR
></THEAD
><TBODY
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>${#string}</TT
></TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>Length of <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>$string</I
></TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>&nbsp;</TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>&nbsp;</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>${string:position}</TT
></TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>Extract substring from <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>$string</I
></TT
>
		at <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>$position</I
></TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>${string:position:length}</TT
></TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>Extract <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>$length</I
></TT
>
		characters substring from <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>$string</I
></TT
>
		at <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>$position</I
></TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>&nbsp;</TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>&nbsp;</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>${string#substring}</TT
></TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>Strip shortest match of
	      <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>$substring</I
></TT
> from front of
	      <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>$string</I
></TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>${string##substring}</TT
></TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>Strip longest match of
	      <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>$substring</I
></TT
> from front of
	      <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>$string</I
></TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>${string%substring}</TT
></TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>Strip shortest match of
	      <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>$substring</I
></TT
> from back of
	      <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>$string</I
></TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>${string%%substring}</TT
></TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>Strip longest match of
	      <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>$substring</I
></TT
> from back of
	      <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>$string</I
></TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>&nbsp;</TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>&nbsp;</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>${string/substring/replacement}</TT
></TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>Replace first match of
	      <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>$substring</I
></TT
> with
	      <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>$replacement</I
></TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>${string//substring/replacement}</TT
></TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>Replace <I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>all</I
> matches of
	      <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>$substring</I
></TT
> with
	      <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>$replacement</I
></TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>${string/#substring/replacement}</TT
></TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>If <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>$substring</I
></TT
>
	      matches <I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>front</I
> end of
	      <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>$string</I
></TT
>, substitute
	      <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>$replacement</I
></TT
> for
	      <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>$substring</I
></TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>${string/%substring/replacement}</TT
></TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>If <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>$substring</I
></TT
>
	      matches <I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>back</I
> end of
	      <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>$string</I
></TT
>, substitute
	      <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>$replacement</I
></TT
> for
	      <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>$substring</I
></TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>&nbsp;</TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>&nbsp;</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>&nbsp;</TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>&nbsp;</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>expr match "$string" '$substring'</TT
></TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>Length of matching <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>$substring</I
></TT
>*
	        at beginning of <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>$string</I
></TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>expr "$string" : '$substring'</TT
></TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>Length of matching <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>$substring</I
></TT
>*
	        at beginning of <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>$string</I
></TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>expr index "$string" $substring</TT
></TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>Numerical position in <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>$string</I
></TT
>
		of first character in <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>$substring</I
></TT
>
		that matches</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>expr substr $string $position
	        $length</TT
></TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>Extract <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>$length</I
></TT
> characters
	        from <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>$string</I
></TT
> starting at
	        <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>$position</I
></TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>expr match "$string"
	        '\($substring\)'</TT
></TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>Extract <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>$substring</I
></TT
>* at
	        beginning of <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>$string</I
></TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>expr "$string" :
	        '\($substring\)'</TT
></TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>Extract <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>$substring</I
></TT
>* at
	        beginning of <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>$string</I
></TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>expr match "$string"
	        '.*\($substring\)'</TT
></TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>Extract <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>$substring</I
></TT
>* at
	        end of <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>$string</I
></TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>expr "$string" :
	        '.*\($substring\)'</TT
></TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>Extract <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>$substring</I
></TT
>* at
	        end of <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>$string</I
></TT
></TD
></TR
></TBODY
></TABLE
><HR></DIV
><P
><B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>*</B
> Where <TT
CLASS="PARAMETER"
><I
>$substring</I
></TT
> is a
        <I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>regular expression</I
>.</P
><DIV
CLASS="TABLE"
><HR><A
NAME="AEN17312"
></A
><P
><B
>Table B-6. Miscellaneous Constructs</B
></P
><TABLE
BORDER="1"
CLASS="CALSTABLE"
><THEAD
><TR
><TH
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>Expression</TH
><TH
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>Interpretation</TH
></TR
></THEAD
><TBODY
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>&nbsp;</TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>&nbsp;</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
><I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>Brackets</I
></TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>&nbsp;</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>if [ CONDITION ]</TT
></TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>Test construct</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>if [[ CONDITION ]]</TT
></TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>Extended test construct</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>Array[1]=element1</TT
></TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>Array initialization</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
> [a-z]</TT
></TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>Range of characters within a <A
HREF="regexp.html#REGEXREF"
>Regular Expression</A
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>&nbsp;</TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>&nbsp;</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
><I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>Curly Brackets</I
></TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>&nbsp;</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>${variable}</TT
></TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>Parameter substitution</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>${!variable}</TT
></TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
><A
HREF="ivr.html#IVRREF"
>Indirect variable reference</A
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>{ command1; command2 }</TT
></TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>Block of code</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>{string1,string2,string3,...}</TT
></TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>Brace expansion</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>&nbsp;</TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>&nbsp;</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>&nbsp;</TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>&nbsp;</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
><I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>Parentheses</I
></TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>&nbsp;</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>( command1; command2 )</TT
></TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>Command group executed within a <A
HREF="subshells.html#SUBSHELLSREF"
>subshell</A
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>Array=(element1 element2 element3)</TT
></TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>Array initialization</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>result=$(COMMAND)</TT
></TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>Execute command in subshell and assign result to
	        variable</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>&#62;(COMMAND)</TT
></TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
><A
HREF="process-sub.html#PROCESSSUBREF"
>Process substitution</A
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>&#60;(COMMAND)</TT
></TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>Process substitution</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>&nbsp;</TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>&nbsp;</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
><I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>Double Parentheses</I
></TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>&nbsp;</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>(( var = 78 ))</TT
></TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>Integer arithmetic</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>var=$(( 20 + 5 ))</TT
></TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>Integer arithmetic, with variable assignment</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>&nbsp;</TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>&nbsp;</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
><I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>Quoting</I
></TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>&nbsp;</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>"$variable"</TT
></TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>"Weak" quoting</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>'string'</TT
></TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>"Strong" quoting</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>&nbsp;</TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>&nbsp;</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
><I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>Back Quotes</I
></TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>&nbsp;</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>result=`COMMAND`</TT
></TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>Execute command in subshell and assign result to variable</TD
></TR
></TBODY
></TABLE
><HR></DIV
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