make.html

Linux下Makefile的编写手册。全部是中文版

<li><a href="#Archive-Pitfalls">11.3 Dangers When Using Archives</a>
<li><a href="#Archive-Suffix-Rules">11.4 Suffix Rules for Archive Files</a>
</li></ul>
<li><a name="toc_Features" href="#Features">12 Features of GNU <code>make</code></a>
<li><a name="toc_Missing" href="#Missing">13 Incompatibilities and Missing Features</a>
<li><a name="toc_Makefile-Conventions" href="#Makefile-Conventions">14 Makefile Conventions</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#Makefile-Basics">14.1 General Conventions for Makefiles</a>
<li><a href="#Utilities-in-Makefiles">14.2 Utilities in Makefiles</a>
<li><a href="#Command-Variables">14.3 Variables for Specifying Commands</a>
<li><a href="#Directory-Variables">14.4 Variables for Installation Directories</a>
<li><a href="#Standard-Targets">14.5 Standard Targets for Users</a>
<li><a href="#Install-Command-Categories">14.6 Install Command Categories</a>
</li></ul>
<li><a name="toc_Quick-Reference" href="#Quick-Reference">Appendix A Quick Reference</a>
<li><a name="toc_Error-Messages" href="#Error-Messages">Appendix B Errors Generated by Make</a>
<li><a name="toc_Complex-Makefile" href="#Complex-Makefile">Appendix C Complex Makefile Example</a>
<li><a name="toc_GNU-Free-Documentation-License" href="#GNU-Free-Documentation-License">Appendix D GNU Free Documentation License</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#GNU-Free-Documentation-License">D.1 ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents</a>
</li></ul>
<li><a name="toc_Concept-Index" href="#Concept-Index">Index of Concepts</a>
<li><a name="toc_Name-Index" href="#Name-Index">Index of Functions, Variables, &amp; Directives</a>
</li></ul>
</div>

<div class="node">
<p><hr>
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Next:&nbsp;<a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="#Overview">Overview</a>,
Previous:&nbsp;<a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="#dir">(dir)</a>,
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<h2 class="unnumbered">GNU <code>make</code></h2>

<p>This file documents the GNU <code>make</code> utility, which determines
automatically which pieces of a large program need to be recompiled,
and issues the commands to recompile them.

   <p>This is Edition 0.70, last updated 1 April 2006,
of <cite>The GNU Make Manual</cite>, for GNU <code>make</code> version 3.81.

   <p>Copyright &copy; 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995,
1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006
Free Software Foundation, Inc.

   <blockquote>
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or
any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no
Invariant Sections, with the Front-Cover Texts being &ldquo;A GNU Manual,&rdquo;
and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below.  A copy of the
license is included in the section entitled &ldquo;GNU Free Documentation
License.&rdquo;

        <p>(a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: &ldquo;You have freedom to copy and modify
this GNU Manual, like GNU software.  Copies published by the Free
Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development.&rdquo;
</blockquote>

<ul class="menu">
<li><a accesskey="1" href="#Overview">Overview</a>:                     Overview of <code>make</code>. 
<li><a accesskey="2" href="#Introduction">Introduction</a>:                 An introduction to <code>make</code>. 
<li><a accesskey="3" href="#Makefiles">Makefiles</a>:                    Makefiles tell <code>make</code> what to do. 
<li><a accesskey="4" href="#Rules">Rules</a>:                        Rules describe when a file must be remade. 
<li><a accesskey="5" href="#Commands">Commands</a>:                     Commands say how to remake a file. 
<li><a accesskey="6" href="#Using-Variables">Using Variables</a>:              You can use variables to avoid repetition. 
<li><a accesskey="7" href="#Conditionals">Conditionals</a>:                 Use or ignore parts of the makefile based
                                  on the values of variables. 
<li><a accesskey="8" href="#Functions">Functions</a>:                    Many powerful ways to manipulate text. 
<li><a accesskey="9" href="#Running">Invoking make</a>:        How to invoke <code>make</code> on the command line. 
<li><a href="#Implicit-Rules">Implicit Rules</a>:               Use implicit rules to treat many files alike,
                                  based on their file names. 
<li><a href="#Archives">Archives</a>:                     How <code>make</code> can update library archives. 
<li><a href="#Features">Features</a>:                     Features GNU <code>make</code> has over other <code>make</code>s. 
<li><a href="#Missing">Missing</a>:                      What GNU <code>make</code> lacks from other <code>make</code>s. 
<li><a href="#Makefile-Conventions">Makefile Conventions</a>:         Conventions for writing makefiles for
                                  GNU programs. 
<li><a href="#Quick-Reference">Quick Reference</a>:              A quick reference for experienced users. 
<li><a href="#Error-Messages">Error Messages</a>:               A list of common errors generated by <code>make</code>. 
<li><a href="#Complex-Makefile">Complex Makefile</a>:             A real example of a straightforward,
                                  but nontrivial, makefile.

<li><a href="#GNU-Free-Documentation-License">GNU Free Documentation License</a>:   License for copying this manual
<li><a href="#Concept-Index">Concept Index</a>:                Index of Concepts
<li><a href="#Name-Index">Name Index</a>:                   Index of Functions, Variables, &amp; Directives

</li></ul>
<p>--- The Detailed Node Listing ---

<p>Overview of <code>make</code>

</p>
<ul class="menu">
<li><a href="#Preparing">Preparing</a>:                    Preparing and Running Make
<li><a href="#Reading">Reading</a>:                      On Reading this Text
<li><a href="#Bugs">Bugs</a>:                         Problems and Bugs

</li></ul>
<p>An Introduction to Makefiles

</p>
<ul class="menu">
<li><a href="#Rule-Introduction">Rule Introduction</a>:            What a rule looks like. 
<li><a href="#Simple-Makefile">Simple Makefile</a>:              A Simple Makefile
<li><a href="#How-Make-Works">How Make Works</a>:               How <code>make</code> Processes This Makefile
<li><a href="#Variables-Simplify">Variables Simplify</a>:           Variables Make Makefiles Simpler
<li><a href="#make-Deduces">make Deduces</a>:                 Letting <code>make</code> Deduce the Commands
<li><a href="#Combine-By-Prerequisite">Combine By Prerequisite</a>:      Another Style of Makefile
<li><a href="#Cleanup">Cleanup</a>:                      Rules for Cleaning the Directory

</li></ul>
<p>Writing Makefiles

</p>
<ul class="menu">
<li><a href="#Makefile-Contents">Makefile Contents</a>:            What makefiles contain. 
<li><a href="#Makefile-Names">Makefile Names</a>:               How to name your makefile. 
<li><a href="#Include">Include</a>:                      How one makefile can use another makefile. 
<li><a href="#MAKEFILES-Variable">MAKEFILES Variable</a>:           The environment can specify extra makefiles. 
<li><a href="#MAKEFILE_005fLIST-Variable">MAKEFILE_LIST Variable</a>:       Discover which makefiles have been read. 
<li><a href="#Special-Variables">Special Variables</a>:            Other special variables. 
<li><a href="#Remaking-Makefiles">Remaking Makefiles</a>:           How makefiles get remade. 
<li><a href="#Overriding-Makefiles">Overriding Makefiles</a>:         How to override part of one makefile
                                  with another makefile. 
<li><a href="#Reading-Makefiles">Reading Makefiles</a>:            How makefiles are parsed. 
<li><a href="#Secondary-Expansion">Secondary Expansion</a>:          How and when secondary expansion is performed.

</li></ul>
<p>Writing Rules

</p>
<ul class="menu">
<li><a href="#Rule-Example">Rule Example</a>:                 An example explained. 
<li><a href="#Rule-Syntax">Rule Syntax</a>:                  General syntax explained. 
<li><a href="#Prerequisite-Types">Prerequisite Types</a>:           There are two types of prerequisites. 
<li><a href="#Wildcards">Wildcards</a>:                    Using wildcard characters such as `*'. 
<li><a href="#Directory-Search">Directory Search</a>:             Searching other directories for source files. 
<li><a href="#Phony-Targets">Phony Targets</a>:                Using a target that is not a real file's name. 
<li><a href="#Force-Targets">Force Targets</a>:                You can use a target without commands
                                  or prerequisites to mark other targets
                                  as phony. 
<li><a href="#Empty-Targets">Empty Targets</a>:                When only the date matters and the
                                  files are empty. 
<li><a href="#Special-Targets">Special Targets</a>:              Targets with special built-in meanings. 
<li><a href="#Multiple-Targets">Multiple Targets</a>:             When to make use of several targets in a rule. 
<li><a href="#Multiple-Rules">Multiple Rules</a>:               How to use several rules with the same target. 
<li><a href="#Static-Pattern">Static Pattern</a>:               Static pattern rules apply to multiple targets
                                  and can vary the prerequisites according to
                                  the target name. 
<li><a href="#Double_002dColon">Double-Colon</a>:                 How to use a special kind of rule to allow
                                  several independent rules for one target. 
<li><a href="#Automatic-Prerequisites">Automatic Prerequisites</a>:      How to automatically generate rules giving
                                  prerequisites from source files themselves.

</li></ul>
<p>Using Wildcard Characters in File Names

</p>
<ul class="menu">
<li><a href="#Wildcard-Examples">Wildcard Examples</a>:            Several examples
<li><a href="#Wildcard-Pitfall">Wildcard Pitfall</a>:             Problems to avoid. 
<li><a href="#Wildcard-Function">Wildcard Function</a>:            How to cause wildcard expansion where
                                  it does not normally take place.

</li></ul>
<p>Searching Directories for Prerequisites

</p>
<ul class="menu">
<li><a href="#General-Search">General Search</a>:               Specifying a search path that applies
                                  to every prerequisite. 
<li><a href="#Selective-Search">Selective Search</a>:             Specifying a search path
                                  for a specified class of names. 
<li><a href="#Search-Algorithm">Search Algorithm</a>:             When and how search paths are applied. 
<li><a href="#Commands_002fSearch">Commands/Search</a>:              How to write shell commands that work together
                                  with search paths. 
<li><a href="#Implicit_002fSearch">Implicit/Search</a>:              How search paths affect implicit rules. 
<li><a href="#Libraries_002fSearch">Libraries/Search</a>:             Directory search for link libraries.

</li></ul>
<p>Static Pattern Rules

</p>
<ul class="menu">
<li><a href="#Static-Usage">Static Usage</a>:                 The syntax of static pattern rules. 
<li><a href="#Static-versus-Implicit">Static versus Implicit</a>:       When are they better than implicit rules?

</li></ul>
<p>Writing the Commands in Rules

</p>
<ul class="menu">
<li><a href="#Command-Syntax">Command Syntax</a>:               Command syntax features and pitfalls. 
<li><a href="#Echoing">Echoing</a>:                      How to control when commands are echoed. 
<li><a href="#Execution">Execution</a>:                    How commands are executed. 
<li><a href="#Parallel">Parallel</a>:                     How commands can be executed in parallel. 
<li><a href="#Errors">Errors</a>:                       What happens after a command execution error. 
<li><a href="#Interrupts">Interrupts</a>:                   What happens when a command is interrupted. 
<li><a href="#Recursion">Recursion</a>:                    Invoking <code>make</code> from makefiles. 
<li><a href="#Sequences">Sequences</a>:                    Defining canned sequences of commands. 
<li><a href="#Empty-Commands">Empty Commands</a>:               Defining useful, do-nothing commands.

</li></ul>
<p>Command Syntax

</p>
<ul class="menu">
<li><a href="#Splitting-Lines">Splitting Lines</a>:              Breaking long command lines for readability. 
<li><a href="#Variables-in-Commands">Variables in Commands</a>:        Using <code>make</code> variables in commands.

</li></ul>
<p>Command Execution

</p>
<ul class="menu">
<li><a href="#Choosing-the-Shell">Choosing the Shell</a>:           How <code>make</code> chooses the shell used
                                  to run commands.

</li></ul>
<p>Recursive Use of <code>make</code>

</p>
<ul class="menu">
<li><a href="#MAKE-Variable">MAKE Variable</a>:                The special effects of using `<samp><span class="samp">$(MAKE)</span></samp>'. 
<li><a href="#Variables_002fRecursion">Variables/Recursion</a>:          How to communicate variables to a sub-<code>make</code>. 
<li><a href="#Options_002fRecursion">Options/Recursion</a>:            How to communicate options to a sub-<code>make</code>. 
<li><a href="#g_t_002dw-Option">-w Option</a>:                    How the `<samp><span class="samp">-w</span></samp>' or `<samp><span class="samp">--print-directory</span></samp>' option
                                  helps debug use of recursive <code>make</code> commands.

</li></ul>
<p>How to Use Variables

</p>
<ul class="menu">
<li><a href="#Reference">Reference</a>:                    How to use the value of a variable. 
<li><a href="#Flavors">Flavors</a>:                      Variables come in two flavors. 
<li><a href="#Advanced">Advanced</a>:                     Advanced features for referencing a variable. 
<li><a href="#Values">Values</a>:                       All the ways variables get their values. 
<li><a href="#Setting">Setting</a>:                      How to set a variable in the makefile.