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<H2>exception</H2>
<HR><PRE>     Standard Exception</PRE><HR>
<A NAME="Summary"><H3>Summary</H3></A>
<P>Classes supporting logic and runtime errors.</P>
<PRE></PRE>
<H3>Contents</H3>
<UL>
<A HREF="#Synopsis"><LI>Synopsis</LI></A>
<A HREF="#Description"><LI>Description</LI></A>
<A HREF="#Interface"><LI>Interface</LI></A>
<A HREF="#Constructors"><LI>Constructors</LI></A>
<A HREF="#Destructor"><LI>Destructor</LI></A>
<A HREF="#Operators"><LI>Operators</LI></A>
<A HREF="#Member Function"><LI>Member Function</LI></A>
<A HREF="#Constructors for Derived Classes"><LI>Constructors for Derived Classes</LI></A>
<A HREF="#Example"><LI>Example</LI></A>
</UL>
<A NAME="Synopsis"><H3>Synopsis</H3></A>
<PRE> #include &#60;exception></PRE>
<PRE>
 class exception;</PRE>
<A NAME="Description"><H3>Description</H3></A>
<P>The class <B><I>exception</B></I> defines the base class for the types of objects thrown as exceptions by Standard C++ Library components, and certain expressions, to report errors detected during program execution.  User's can also use these exceptions to report errors in their own programs.  </P>
<A NAME="Interface"><H3>Interface</H3></A>
<PRE>class exception {</PRE>
<PRE>
   public:
     exception () throw();
     exception (const exception&#38;) throw();
     exception&#38; operator= (const exception&#38;) throw();
     virtual ~exception () throw();
     virtual const char* what () const throw();
 };
 class logic_error : public exception {
   public:
     logic_error (const string&#38; what_arg);
 };
 class domain_error : public logic_error {
   public:
     domain_error (const string&#38; what_arg);
 };
 class invalid_argument : public logic_error {
   public:
     invalid_argument (const string&#38; what_arg);
 };
 class length_error : public logic_error {
   public:
     length_error (const string&#38; what_arg);
 };
 class out_of_range : public logic_error {
   public:
     out_of_range (const string&#38; what_arg);
 };
 class runtime_error : public exception {
   public:
     runtime_error (const string&#38; what_arg);
 };
class range_error : public runtime_error {
   public:
     range_error (const string&#38; what_arg);
 };
 class overflow_error : public runtime_error {
   public:
     overflow_error (const string&#38; what_arg);
 };
</PRE>
<A NAME="Constructors"><H3>Constructors</H3></A>
<PRE><B>exception </B>() throw();</PRE>
<UL><P>Constructs an object of class exception.</P>
</UL>
<PRE><B>exception</B> (const exception&#38;) throw();</PRE>
<UL><P>The copy constructor.  Copies an exception object.</P>
</UL>
<A NAME="Destructor"><H3>Destructor</H3></A>
<PRE>virtual 
<B>~exception</B>() throw();</PRE>
<UL><P>Destroys an object of class exception.</P>
</UL>
<A NAME="Operators"><H3>Operators</H3></A>
<PRE>exception&#38; 
<B>operator= </B>(const exception&#38;) throw();</PRE>
<UL><P>The assignment operator.  Copies an exception object.</P>
</UL>
<A NAME="Member Function"><H3>Member Function</H3></A>
<PRE>virtual const char* 
<B>what</B>()const throw();</PRE>
<UL><P>Returns an implementation-defined, null-terminated byte string representing a human-readable message describing the exception.  The message may be a null-terminated  multibyte  string,  suitable  for conversion and display as a <SAMP>wstring</SAMP>.</P>
</UL>
<A NAME="Constructors for Derived Classes"><H3>Constructors for Derived Classes</H3></A>
<PRE>logic_error::<B>logic_error</B> (const string&#38; what_arg);</PRE>
<UL><P>Constructs an object of class <SAMP>logic_error</SAMP>.</P>
</UL>
<PRE>domain_error::<B>domain_error</B> (const string&#38; what_arg);</PRE>
<UL><P>Constructs an object of class <SAMP>domain_error.</SAMP></P>
</UL>
<PRE>invalid_argument::<B>invalid_argument</B> (const string&#38; what_arg);</PRE>
<UL><P>Constructs an object of class<SAMP> invalid_argument</SAMP>.</P>
</UL>
<PRE>length_error::<B>length_error</B> (const string&#38; what_arg);</PRE>
<UL><P>Constructs an object of class <SAMP>length_error</SAMP>.</P>
</UL>
<PRE>out_of_range::<B>out_of_range</B> (const string&#38; what_arg);</PRE>
<UL><P>Constructs an object of class <SAMP>out_of_range</SAMP>.</P>
</UL>
<PRE>runtime_error::<B>runtime_error</B> (const string&#38; what_arg);</PRE>
<UL><P>Constructs an object of class <SAMP>runtime_error</SAMP>.</P>
</UL>
<PRE>range_error::<B>range_error</B> (const string&#38; what_arg);</PRE>
<UL><P>Constructs an object of class <SAMP>range_error</SAMP>.</P>
</UL>
<PRE>overflow_error<B>::overflow_error</B> (const string&#38; what_arg);</PRE>
<UL><P>Constructs an object of class <SAMP>overflow_error</SAMP>.</P>
</UL>
<A NAME="Example"><H3>Example</H3></A>
<PRE>  //
<PRE>  // exception.cpp
  //
  #include &#60;iostream.h>
  #include &#60;stdexcept>
  static void f() { throw runtime_error("a runtime error"); }
  int main ()
  {
     //
     // By wrapping the body of main in a try-catch block we can
     // be assured that we'll catch all exceptions in the
     // exception hierarchy.  You can simply catch exception as is
     // done below, or you can catch each of the exceptions in
     // which you have an interest.
     //
     try
     {
         f();
     }
     catch (const exception&#38; e)
     {
         cout &#60;&#60; "Got an exception: " &#60;&#60; e.what() &#60;&#60; endl;
     }
     return 0;
  }</PRE>
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