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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"><HTML><HEAD><TITLE>Lua 5.1 Reference Manual - contents</TITLE><LINK REL="stylesheet" TYPE="text/css" HREF="lua.css"><META HTTP-EQUIV="content-type" CONTENT="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"><STYLE TYPE="text/css">ul { list-style-type: none ; list-style-position: outside ;}</STYLE></HEAD><BODY><HR><H1><A HREF="http://www.lua.org/"><IMG SRC="logo.gif" ALT="" BORDER=0></A>Lua 5.1 Reference Manual</H1>This is an online version of<BLOCKQUOTE><A HREF="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/8590379833/lua-indexmanual-20"><IMG SRC="cover.png" ALT="" TITLE="buy from Amazon" BORDER=1 ALIGN="left" HSPACE=12></A><B>Lua 5.1 Reference Manual</B><BR>by R. Ierusalimschy, L. H. de Figueiredo, W. Celes<BR>Lua.org, August 2006<BR>ISBN 85-903798-3-3<BR><A HREF="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/8590379833/lua-indexmanual-20"><IMG SRC="amazon.gif" ALT="[Buy from Amazon]" BORDER=0></A><BR CLEAR="all"></BLOCKQUOTE><P>Buy a copy of this book and <A HREF="http://www.lua.org/donations.html">help to support</A>the Lua project.<P>The reference manual is the official definition of the Lua language.For a complete introduction to Lua programming, see the book<A HREF="http://www.lua.org/docs.html#books">Programming in Lua</A>.<P><A HREF="manual.html">start</A>·<A HREF="#contents">contents</A>·<A HREF="#index">index</A>·<A HREF="http://www.lua.org/manual/5.1/pt/">portugu阺</A>·<A HREF="http://www.lua.org/manual/5.1/es/">espa駉l</A><HR><SMALL>Copyright © 2006-2008 Lua.org, PUC-Rio.Freely available under the terms of the<a href="http://www.lua.org/license.html#5">Lua license</a>.</SMALL><P><H2><A NAME="contents">Contents</A></H2><UL style="padding: 0"><LI><A HREF="manual.html">1 - Introduction</A><P><LI><A HREF="manual.html#2">2 - The Language</A><UL><LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.1">2.1 - Lexical Conventions</A><LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.2">2.2 - Values and Types</A><UL><LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.2.1">2.2.1 - Coercion</A></UL><LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.3">2.3 - Variables</A><LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.4">2.4 - Statements</A><UL><LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.4.1">2.4.1 - Chunks</A><LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.4.2">2.4.2 - Blocks</A><LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.4.3">2.4.3 - Assignment</A><LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.4.4">2.4.4 - Control Structures</A><LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.4.5">2.4.5 - For Statement</A><LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.4.6">2.4.6 - Function Calls as Statements</A><LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.4.7">2.4.7 - Local Declarations</A></UL><LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.5">2.5 - Expressions</A><UL><LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.5.1">2.5.1 - Arithmetic Operators</A><LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.5.2">2.5.2 - Relational Operators</A><LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.5.3">2.5.3 - Logical Operators</A><LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.5.4">2.5.4 - Concatenation</A><LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.5.5">2.5.5 - The Length Operator</A><LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.5.6">2.5.6 - Precedence</A><LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.5.7">2.5.7 - Table Constructors</A><LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.5.8">2.5.8 - Function Calls</A><LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.5.9">2.5.9 - Function Definitions</A></UL><LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.6">2.6 - Visibility Rules</A><LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.7">2.7 - Error Handling</A><LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.8">2.8 - Metatables</A><LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.9">2.9 - Environments</A><LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.10">2.10 - Garbage Collection</A><UL><LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.10.1">2.10.1 - Garbage-Collection Metamethods</A><LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.10.2">2.10.2 - Weak Tables</A></UL><LI><A HREF="manual.html#2.11">2.11 - Coroutines</A></UL><P><LI><A HREF="manual.html#3">3 - The Application Program Interface</A><UL><LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.1">3.1 - The Stack</A><LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.2">3.2 - Stack Size</A><LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.3">3.3 - Pseudo-Indices</A><LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.4">3.4 - C Closures</A><LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.5">3.5 - Registry</A><LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.6">3.6 - Error Handling in C</A><LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.7">3.7 - Functions and Types</A><LI><A HREF="manual.html#3.8">3.8 - The Debug Interface</A></UL><P><LI><A HREF="manual.html#4">4 - The Auxiliary Library</A><UL><LI><A HREF="manual.html#4.1">4.1 - Functions and Types</A></UL><P><LI><A HREF="manual.html#5">5 - Standard Libraries</A><UL><LI><A HREF="manual.html#5.1">5.1 - Basic Functions</A><LI><A HREF="manual.html#5.2">5.2 - Coroutine Manipulation</A><LI><A HREF="manual.html#5.3">5.3 - Modules</A><LI><A HREF="manual.html#5.4">5.4 - String Manipulation</A><UL><LI><A HREF="manual.html#5.4.1">5.4.1 - Patterns</A></UL><LI><A HREF="manual.html#5.5">5.5 - Table Manipulation</A><LI><A HREF="manual.html#5.6">5.6 - Mathematical Functions</A><LI><A HREF="manual.html#5.7">5.7 - Input and Output Facilities</A><LI><A HREF="manual.html#5.8">5.8 - Operating System Facilities</A><LI><A HREF="manual.html#5.9">5.9 - The Debug Library</A></UL><P><LI><A HREF="manual.html#6">6 - Lua Stand-alone</A><P><LI><A HREF="manual.html#7">7 - Incompatibilities with the Previous Version</A><UL><LI><A HREF="manual.html#7.1">7.1 - Changes in the Language</A><LI><A HREF="manual.html#7.2">7.2 - Changes in the Libraries</A><LI><A HREF="manual.html#7.3">7.3 - Changes in the API</A></UL><P><LI><A HREF="manual.html#8">8 - The Complete Syntax of Lua</A></UL><H2><A NAME="index">Index</A></H2><TABLE WIDTH="100%"><TR VALIGN="top"><TD><H3><A NAME="functions">Lua functions</A></H3><A HREF="manual.html#pdf-_G">_G</A><BR><A HREF="manual.html#pdf-_VERSION">_VERSION</A><BR><A HREF="manual.html#pdf-assert">assert</A><BR><A HREF="manual.html#pdf-collectgarbage">collectgarbage</A><BR><A HREF="manual.html#pdf-dofile">dofile</A><BR><A HREF="manual.html#pdf-error">error</A><BR><A HREF="manual.html#pdf-getfenv">getfenv</A><BR><A HREF="manual.html#pdf-getmetatable">getmetatable</A><BR><A HREF="manual.html#pdf-ipairs">ipairs</A><BR><A HREF="manual.html#pdf-load">load</A><BR><A HREF="manual.html#pdf-loadfile">loadfile</A><BR><A HREF="manual.html#pdf-loadstring">loadstring</A><BR><A HREF="manual.html#pdf-module">module</A><BR><A HREF="manual.html#pdf-next">next</A><BR><A HREF="manual.html#pdf-pairs">pairs</A><BR><A HREF="manual.html#pdf-pcall">pcall</A><BR><A HREF="manual.html#pdf-print">print</A><BR><A HREF="manual.html#pdf-rawequal">rawequal</A><BR><A HREF="manual.html#pdf-rawget">rawget</A><BR><A HREF="manual.html#pdf-rawset">rawset</A><BR><A HREF="manual.html#pdf-require">require</A><BR><A HREF="manual.html#pdf-select">select</A><BR><A HREF="manual.html#pdf-setfenv">setfenv</A><BR><A HREF="manual.html#pdf-setmetatable">setmetatable</A><BR><A HREF="manual.html#pdf-tonumber">tonumber</A><BR><A HREF="manual.html#pdf-tostring">tostring</A><BR><A HREF="manual.html#pdf-type">type</A><BR><A HREF="manual.html#pdf-unpack">unpack</A><BR><A HREF="manual.html#pdf-xpcall">xpcall</A><BR><P><A HREF="manual.html#pdf-coroutine.create">coroutine.create</A><BR><A HREF="manual.html#pdf-coroutine.resume">coroutine.resume</A><BR><A HREF="manual.html#pdf-coroutine.running">coroutine.running</A><BR><A HREF="manual.html#pdf-coroutine.status">coroutine.status</A><BR><A HREF="manual.html#pdf-coroutine.wrap">coroutine.wrap</A><BR><A HREF="manual.html#pdf-coroutine.yield">coroutine.yield</A><BR><P><A HREF="manual.html#pdf-debug.debug">debug.debug</A><BR><A HREF="manual.html#pdf-debug.getfenv">debug.getfenv</A><BR><A HREF="manual.html#pdf-debug.gethook">debug.gethook</A><BR><A HREF="manual.html#pdf-debug.getinfo">debug.getinfo</A><BR><A HREF="manual.html#pdf-debug.getlocal">debug.getlocal</A><BR><A HREF="manual.html#pdf-debug.getmetatable">debug.getmetatable</A><BR><A HREF="manual.html#pdf-debug.getregistry">debug.getregistry</A><BR><A HREF="manual.html#pdf-debug.getupvalue">debug.getupvalue</A><BR><A HREF="manual.html#pdf-debug.setfenv">debug.setfenv</A><BR><A HREF="manual.html#pdf-debug.sethook">debug.sethook</A><BR><A HREF="manual.html#pdf-debug.setlocal">debug.setlocal</A><BR><A HREF="manual.html#pdf-debug.setmetatable">debug.setmetatable</A><BR><A HREF="manual.html#pdf-debug.setupvalue">debug.setupvalue</A><BR><A HREF="manual.html#pdf-debug.traceback">debug.traceback</A><BR></TD><TD><H3> </H3><A HREF="manual.html#pdf-file:close">file:close</A><BR><A HREF="manual.html#pdf-file:flush">file:flush</A><BR><A HREF="manual.html#pdf-file:lines">file:lines</A><BR><A HREF="manual.html#pdf-file:read">file:read</A><BR><A HREF="manual.html#pdf-file:seek">file:seek</A><BR><A HREF="manual.html#pdf-file:setvbuf">file:setvbuf</A><BR><A HREF="manual.html#pdf-file:write">file:write</A><BR><P><A HREF="manual.html#pdf-io.close">io.close</A><BR><A HREF="manual.html#pdf-io.flush">io.flush</A><BR><A HREF="manual.html#pdf-io.input">io.input</A><BR><A HREF="manual.html#pdf-io.lines">io.lines</A><BR><A HREF="manual.html#pdf-io.open">io.open</A><BR><A HREF="manual.html#pdf-io.output">io.output</A><BR><A HREF="manual.html#pdf-io.popen">io.popen</A><BR><A HREF="manual.html#pdf-io.read">io.read</A><BR><A HREF="manual.html#pdf-io.stderr">io.stderr</A><BR><A HREF="manual.html#pdf-io.stdin">io.stdin</A><BR><A HREF="manual.html#pdf-io.stdout">io.stdout</A><BR><A HREF="manual.html#pdf-io.tmpfile">io.tmpfile</A><BR><A HREF="manual.html#pdf-io.type">io.type</A><BR><A HREF="manual.html#pdf-io.write">io.write</A><BR><P><A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.abs">math.abs</A><BR><A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.acos">math.acos</A><BR><A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.asin">math.asin</A><BR><A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.atan">math.atan</A><BR><A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.atan2">math.atan2</A><BR><A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.ceil">math.ceil</A><BR><A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.cos">math.cos</A><BR><A HREF="manual.html#pdf-math.cosh">math.cosh</A><BR>⌨️ 快捷键说明
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