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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" /><title>The MD5 Message-Digest Algorithm</title><meta name="author" content="John Walker" /><meta name="description" content="RFC 1321: The MD5 Message-Digest Algorithm" /><meta name="keywords" content="md5, message, digest" /><meta name="robots" content="noindex" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/documents/styles/standard_screen.css" type="text/css" /></head><body class="standard"><table><tr><td width="10%" valign="top"><a href="./"><img src="md5s.png" width="95" height="50" alt="MD5 Main Page" border="0" /></a></td><td width="80%"><center><h1>The MD5 Message-Digest Algorithm</h1><h4>Network Working Group<br />Request for Comments: 1321<br /><br />R. Rivest<br /><a href="http://web.mit.edu/">MIT</a> <a href="http://www.lcs.mit.edu/">Laboratory for Computer Science</a><br />and <a href="http://www.rsa.com/">RSA Data Security, Inc.</a><br />April 1992</h4></center></td><td width="10%"> </td></tr></table><hr /><h3>Status of this Memo</h3> This memo provides information for the Internet community. It does not specify an Internet standard. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.<h3>Acknowlegements</h3> We would like to thank Don Coppersmith, Burt Kaliski, Ralph Merkle, David Chaum, and Noam Nisan for numerous helpful comments and suggestions.<h3>Table of Contents</h3><dl><dt></dt> <dd><a href="#1">1. Executive Summary</a></dd><dt></dt> <dd><a href="#2">2. Terminology and Notation</a></dd><dt></dt> <dd><a href="#3">3. MD5 Algorithm Description</a></dd><dt></dt> <dd><a href="#4">4. Summary</a></dd><dt></dt> <dd><a href="#5">5. Differences Between MD4 and MD5</a></dd><dt></dt> <dd><a href="#References">References</a></dd><dt></dt> <dd><a href="#AppendixA">APPENDIX A - Reference Implementation</a></dd><dt></dt> <dd><a href="#Security">Security Considerations</a></dd><dt></dt> <dd><a href="#Author">Author's Address</a></dd></dl><h3><a class="i" name="1">1. Executive Summary</a></h3> This document describes the MD5 message-digest algorithm. The algorithm takes as input a message of arbitrary length and produces as output a 128-bit "fingerprint" or "message digest" of the input. It is conjectured that it is computationally infeasible to produce two messages having the same message digest, or to produce any message having a given prespecified target message digest. The MD5 algorithm is intended for digital signature applications, where a large file must be "compressed" in a secure manner before being encrypted with a private (secret) key under a public-key cryptosystem such as RSA.<p /> The MD5 algorithm is designed to be quite fast on 32-bit machines. In addition, the MD5 algorithm does not require any large substitution tables; the algorithm can be coded quite compactly.<p /> The MD5 algorithm is an extension of the MD4 message-digest algorithm [1,2]. MD5 is slightly slower than MD4, but is more "conservative" in design. MD5 was designed because it was felt that MD4 was perhaps being adopted for use more quickly than justified by the existing critical review; because MD4 was designed to be exceptionally fast, it is "at the edge" in terms of risking successful cryptanalytic attack. MD5 backs off a bit, giving up a little in speed for a much greater likelihood of ultimate security. It incorporates some suggestions made by various reviewers, and contains additional optimizations. The MD5 algorithm is being placed in the public domain for review and possible adoption as a standard.<p /> For OSI-based applications, MD5's object identifier is<blockquote> md5 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::=<br /> iso(1) member-body(2) US(840) rsadsi(113549) digestAlgorithm(2) 5}</blockquote> In the X.509 type AlgorithmIdentifier [3], the parameters for MD5 should have type NULL.<h3><a class="i" name="2">2. Terminology and Notation</a></h3> In this document a "word" is a 32-bit quantity and a "byte" is an eight-bit quantity. A sequence of bits can be interpreted in a natural manner as a sequence of bytes, where each consecutive group of eight bits is interpreted as a byte with the high-order (most significant) bit of each byte listed first. Similarly, a sequence of bytes can be interpreted as a sequence of 32-bit words, where each consecutive group of four bytes is interpreted as a word with the low-order (least significant) byte given first.<p /> Let x_i denote "x sub i". If the subscript is an expression, we surround it in braces, as in x_{i+1}. Similarly, we use ^ for superscripts (exponentiation), so that x^i denotes x to the i-th power.<p /> Let the symbol "+" denote addition of words (i.e., modulo-2^32 addition). Let X <<< s denote the 32-bit value obtained by circularly shifting (rotating) X left by s bit positions. Let not(X) denote the bit-wise complement of X, and let X v Y denote the bit-wise OR of X and Y. Let X xor Y denote the bit-wise XOR of X and Y, and let XY denote the bit-wise AND of X and Y.<h3><a class="i" name="3">3. MD5 Algorithm Description</a></h3> We begin by supposing that we have a b-bit message as input, and that we wish to find its message digest. Here b is an arbitrary nonnegative integer; b may be zero, it need not be a multiple of eight, and it may be arbitrarily large. We imagine the bits of the message written down as follows:<blockquote> m_0 m_1 ... m_{b-1}</blockquote> The following five steps are performed to compute the message digest of the message.<h4>3.1 Step 1. Append Padding Bits</h4> The message is "padded" (extended) so that its length (in bits) is congruent to 448, modulo 512. That is, the message is extended so that it is just 64 bits shy of being a multiple of 512 bits long. Padding is always performed, even if the length of the message is already congruent to 448, modulo 512.<p /> Padding is performed as follows: a single "1" bit is appended to the message, and then "0" bits are appended so that the length in bits of the padded message becomes congruent to 448, modulo 512. In all, at least one bit and at most 512 bits are appended.<h4>3.2 Step 2. Append Length</h4> A 64-bit representation of b (the length of the message before the padding bits were added) is appended to the result of the previous step. In the unlikely event that b is greater than 2^64, then only the low-order 64 bits of b are used. (These bits are appended as two 32-bit words and appended low-order word first in accordance with the previous conventions.)<p /> At this point the resulting message (after padding with bits and with b) has a length that is an exact multiple of 512 bits. Equivalently, this message has a length that is an exact multiple of 16 (32-bit) words. Let M[0 ... N-1] denote the words of the resulting message, where N is a multiple of 16.<h4>3.3 Step 3. Initialize MD Buffer</h4> A four-word buffer (A,B,C,D) is used to compute the message digest. Here each of A, B, C, D is a 32-bit register. These registers are initialized to the following values in hexadecimal, low-order bytes first):<blockquote> word A: 01 23 45 67<br /> word B: 89 ab cd ef<br /> word C: fe dc ba 98<br /> word D: 76 54 32 10</blockquote><h4>3.4 Step 4. Process Message in 16-Word Blocks</h4> We first define four auxiliary functions that each take as input three 32-bit words and produce as output one 32-bit word.<blockquote> F(X,Y,Z) = XY v not(X) Z<br /> G(X,Y,Z) = XZ v Y not(Z)<br /> H(X,Y,Z) = X xor Y xor Z<br /> I(X,Y,Z) = Y xor (X v not(Z))</blockquote> In each bit position F acts as a conditional: if X then Y else Z. The function F could have been defined using + instead of v since XY and not(X)Z will never have 1's in the same bit position.) It is interesting to note that if the bits of X, Y, and Z are independent and unbiased, the each bit of F(X,Y,Z) will be independent and unbiased.<p /> The functions G, H, and I are similar to the function F, in that they act in "bitwise parallel" to produce their output from the bits of X, Y, and Z, in such a manner that if the corresponding bits of X, Y, and Z are independent and unbiased, then each bit of G(X,Y,Z), H(X,Y,Z), and I(X,Y,Z) will be independent and unbiased. Note that the function H is the bit-wise "xor" or "parity" function of its inputs.<p /> This step uses a 64-element table T[1 ... 64] constructed from the sine function. Let T[i] denote the i-th element of the table, which is equal to the integer part of 4294967296 times abs(sin(i)), where i is in radians. The elements of the table are given in the <a href="#AppendixA">appendix</a>.<p /> Do the following:<p /><pre> /* Process each 16-word block. */ For i = 0 to N/16-1 do /* Copy block i into X. */ For j = 0 to 15 do Set X[j] to M[i*16+j]. end /* of loop on j */ /* Save A as AA, B as BB, C as CC, and D as DD. */ AA = A BB = B CC = C DD = D /* Round 1. */ /* Let [abcd k s i] denote the operation a = b + ((a + F(b,c,d) + X[k] + T[i]) <<< s). */ /* Do the following 16 operations. */ [ABCD 0 7 1] [DABC 1 12 2] [CDAB 2 17 3] [BCDA 3 22 4] [ABCD 4 7 5] [DABC 5 12 6] [CDAB 6 17 7] [BCDA 7 22 8] [ABCD 8 7 9] [DABC 9 12 10] [CDAB 10 17 11] [BCDA 11 22 12] [ABCD 12 7 13] [DABC 13 12 14] [CDAB 14 17 15] [BCDA 15 22 16] /* Round 2. */ /* Let [abcd k s i] denote the operation a = b + ((a + G(b,c,d) + X[k] + T[i]) <<< s). */ /* Do the following 16 operations. */ [ABCD 1 5 17] [DABC 6 9 18] [CDAB 11 14 19] [BCDA 0 20 20] [ABCD 5 5 21] [DABC 10 9 22] [CDAB 15 14 23] [BCDA 4 20 24] [ABCD 9 5 25] [DABC 14 9 26] [CDAB 3 14 27] [BCDA 8 20 28] [ABCD 13 5 29] [DABC 2 9 30] [CDAB 7 14 31] [BCDA 12 20 32] /* Round 3. */ /* Let [abcd k s t] denote the operation a = b + ((a + H(b,c,d) + X[k] + T[i]) <<< s). */ /* Do the following 16 operations. */ [ABCD 5 4 33] [DABC 8 11 34] [CDAB 11 16 35] [BCDA 14 23 36] [ABCD 1 4 37] [DABC 4 11 38] [CDAB 7 16 39] [BCDA 10 23 40] [ABCD 13 4 41] [DABC 0 11 42] [CDAB 3 16 43] [BCDA 6 23 44] [ABCD 9 4 45] [DABC 12 11 46] [CDAB 15 16 47] [BCDA 2 23 48] /* Round 4. */ /* Let [abcd k s t] denote the operation a = b + ((a + I(b,c,d) + X[k] + T[i]) <<< s). */ /* Do the following 16 operations. */ [ABCD 0 6 49] [DABC 7 10 50] [CDAB 14 15 51] [BCDA 5 21 52] [ABCD 12 6 53] [DABC 3 10 54] [CDAB 10 15 55] [BCDA 1 21 56] [ABCD 8 6 57] [DABC 15 10 58] [CDAB 6 15 59] [BCDA 13 21 60] [ABCD 4 6 61] [DABC 11 10 62] [CDAB 2 15 63] [BCDA 9 21 64] /* Then perform the following additions. (That is increment each of the four registers by the value it had before this block was started.) */ A = A + AA B = B + BB C = C + CC D = D + DD end /* of loop on i */</pre><h4>3.5 Step 5. Output</h4> The message digest produced as output is A, B, C, D. That is, we begin with the low-order byte of A, and end with the high-order byte of D.<p /> This completes the description of MD5. A reference implementation in C is given in the appendix.<h3><a class="i" name="4">4. Summary</a></h3> The MD5 message-digest algorithm is simple to implement, and provides a "fingerprint" or message digest of a message of arbitrary length. It is conjectured that the difficulty of coming up with two messages having the same message digest is on the order of 2^64 operations, and that the difficulty of coming up with any message having a given message digest is on the order of 2^128 operations. The MD5 algorithm has been carefully scrutinized for weaknesses. It is, however, a relatively new algorithm and further security analysis is of course justified, as is the case with any new proposal of this sort.<h3><a class="i" name="5">5. Differences Between MD4 and MD5</a></h3> The following are the differences between MD4 and MD5:<p /><ol><li> A fourth round has been added.</li><li> Each step now has a unique additive constant.</li><li> The function g in round 2 was changed from (XY v XZ v YZ) to (XZ v Y not(Z)) to make g less symmetric.</li><li> Each step now adds in the result of the previous step. This promotes a faster "avalanche effect".</li><li> The order in which input words are accessed in rounds 2 and 3 is changed, to make these patterns less like each other.</li><li> The shift amounts in each round have been approximately optimized, to yield a faster "avalanche effect." The shifts in different rounds are distinct.</li></ol><h3><a class="i" name="References">References</a></h3><dl><dt>[1]</dt> <dd>Rivest, R., "The MD4 Message Digest Algorithm", RFC 1320, MIT and RSA Data Security, Inc., April 1992.</dd><dt>[2]</dt> <dd>Rivest, R., "The MD4 message digest algorithm", in A.J. Menezes and S.A. Vanstone, editors, Advances in Cryptology - CRYPTO '90 Proceedings, pages 303-311, Springer-Verlag, 1991.</dd><dt>[3]</dt> <dd>CCITT Recommendation X.509 (1988), "The Directory - Authentication Framework."</dd></dl><h3><a class="i" name="AppendixA">APPENDIX A - Reference Implementation</a></h3>⌨️ 快捷键说明
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