x509.pod

开源的ssl算法openssl,版本0.9.8H

=pod

=head1 NAME

x509 - Certificate display and signing utility

=head1 SYNOPSIS

B<openssl> B<x509>
[B<-inform DER|PEM|NET>]
[B<-outform DER|PEM|NET>]
[B<-keyform DER|PEM>]
[B<-CAform DER|PEM>]
[B<-CAkeyform DER|PEM>]
[B<-in filename>]
[B<-out filename>]
[B<-serial>]
[B<-hash>]
[B<-subject_hash>]
[B<-issuer_hash>]
[B<-subject>]
[B<-issuer>]
[B<-nameopt option>]
[B<-email>]
[B<-startdate>]
[B<-enddate>]
[B<-purpose>]
[B<-dates>]
[B<-modulus>]
[B<-fingerprint>]
[B<-alias>]
[B<-noout>]
[B<-trustout>]
[B<-clrtrust>]
[B<-clrreject>]
[B<-addtrust arg>]
[B<-addreject arg>]
[B<-setalias arg>]
[B<-days arg>]
[B<-set_serial n>]
[B<-signkey filename>]
[B<-x509toreq>]
[B<-req>]
[B<-CA filename>]
[B<-CAkey filename>]
[B<-CAcreateserial>]
[B<-CAserial filename>]
[B<-text>]
[B<-C>]
[B<-md2|-md5|-sha1|-mdc2>]
[B<-clrext>]
[B<-extfile filename>]
[B<-extensions section>]
[B<-engine id>]

=head1 DESCRIPTION

The B<x509> command is a multi purpose certificate utility. It can be
used to display certificate information, convert certificates to
various forms, sign certificate requests like a "mini CA" or edit
certificate trust settings.

Since there are a large number of options they will split up into
various sections.

=head1 OPTIONS

=head2 INPUT, OUTPUT AND GENERAL PURPOSE OPTIONS

=over 4

=item B<-inform DER|PEM|NET>

This specifies the input format normally the command will expect an X509
certificate but this can change if other options such as B<-req> are
present. The DER format is the DER encoding of the certificate and PEM
is the base64 encoding of the DER encoding with header and footer lines
added. The NET option is an obscure Netscape server format that is now
obsolete.

=item B<-outform DER|PEM|NET>

This specifies the output format, the options have the same meaning as the 
B<-inform> option.

=item B<-in filename>

This specifies the input filename to read a certificate from or standard input
if this option is not specified.

=item B<-out filename>

This specifies the output filename to write to or standard output by
default.

=item B<-md2|-md5|-sha1|-mdc2>

the digest to use. This affects any signing or display option that uses a message
digest, such as the B<-fingerprint>, B<-signkey> and B<-CA> options. If not
specified then SHA1 is used. If the key being used to sign with is a DSA key
then this option has no effect: SHA1 is always used with DSA keys.

=item B<-engine id>

specifying an engine (by it's unique B<id> string) will cause B<req>
to attempt to obtain a functional reference to the specified engine,
thus initialising it if needed. The engine will then be set as the default
for all available algorithms.

=back

=head2 DISPLAY OPTIONS

Note: the B<-alias> and B<-purpose> options are also display options
but are described in the B<TRUST SETTINGS> section.

=over 4

=item B<-text>

prints out the certificate in text form. Full details are output including the
public key, signature algorithms, issuer and subject names, serial number
any extensions present and any trust settings.

=item B<-certopt option>

customise the output format used with B<-text>. The B<option> argument can be
a single option or multiple options separated by commas. The B<-certopt> switch
may be also be used more than once to set multiple options. See the B<TEXT OPTIONS>
section for more information.

=item B<-noout>

this option prevents output of the encoded version of the request.

=item B<-modulus>

this option prints out the value of the modulus of the public key
contained in the certificate.

=item B<-serial>

outputs the certificate serial number.

=item B<-subject_hash>

outputs the "hash" of the certificate subject name. This is used in OpenSSL to
form an index to allow certificates in a directory to be looked up by subject
name.

=item B<-issuer_hash>

outputs the "hash" of the certificate issuer name.

=item B<-hash>

synonym for "-hash" for backward compatibility reasons.

=item B<-subject>

outputs the subject name.

=item B<-issuer>

outputs the issuer name.

=item B<-nameopt option>

option which determines how the subject or issuer names are displayed. The
B<option> argument can be a single option or multiple options separated by
commas.  Alternatively the B<-nameopt> switch may be used more than once to
set multiple options. See the B<NAME OPTIONS> section for more information.

=item B<-email>

outputs the email address(es) if any.

=item B<-startdate>

prints out the start date of the certificate, that is the notBefore date.

=item B<-enddate>

prints out the expiry date of the certificate, that is the notAfter date.

=item B<-dates>

prints out the start and expiry dates of a certificate.

=item B<-fingerprint>

prints out the digest of the DER encoded version of the whole certificate
(see digest options).

=item B<-C>

this outputs the certificate in the form of a C source file.

=back

=head2 TRUST SETTINGS

Please note these options are currently experimental and may well change.

A B<trusted certificate> is an ordinary certificate which has several
additional pieces of information attached to it such as the permitted
and prohibited uses of the certificate and an "alias".

Normally when a certificate is being verified at least one certificate
must be "trusted". By default a trusted certificate must be stored
locally and must be a root CA: any certificate chain ending in this CA
is then usable for any purpose.

Trust settings currently are only used with a root CA. They allow a finer
control over the purposes the root CA can be used for. For example a CA
may be trusted for SSL client but not SSL server use.

See the description of the B<verify> utility for more information on the
meaning of trust settings.

Future versions of OpenSSL will recognize trust settings on any
certificate: not just root CAs.


=over 4

=item B<-trustout>

this causes B<x509> to output a B<trusted> certificate. An ordinary
or trusted certificate can be input but by default an ordinary
certificate is output and any trust settings are discarded. With the
B<-trustout> option a trusted certificate is output. A trusted
certificate is automatically output if any trust settings are modified.

=item B<-setalias arg>

sets the alias of the certificate. This will allow the certificate
to be referred to using a nickname for example "Steve's Certificate".

=item B<-alias>

outputs the certificate alias, if any.

=item B<-clrtrust>

clears all the permitted or trusted uses of the certificate.

=item B<-clrreject>

clears all the prohibited or rejected uses of the certificate.

=item B<-addtrust arg>

adds a trusted certificate use. Any object name can be used here
but currently only B<clientAuth> (SSL client use), B<serverAuth>
(SSL server use) and B<emailProtection> (S/MIME email) are used.
Other OpenSSL applications may define additional uses.

=item B<-addreject arg>

adds a prohibited use. It accepts the same values as the B<-addtrust>
option.

=item B<-purpose>

this option performs tests on the certificate extensions and outputs
the results. For a more complete description see the B<CERTIFICATE
EXTENSIONS> section.

=back

=head2 SIGNING OPTIONS

The B<x509> utility can be used to sign certificates and requests: it
can thus behave like a "mini CA".

=over 4

=item B<-signkey filename>

this option causes the input file to be self signed using the supplied
private key. 

If the input file is a certificate it sets the issuer name to the
subject name (i.e.  makes it self signed) changes the public key to the
supplied value and changes the start and end dates. The start date is
set to the current time and the end date is set to a value determined
by the B<-days> option. Any certificate extensions are retained unless
the B<-clrext> option is supplied.

If the input is a certificate request then a self signed certificate
is created using the supplied private key using the subject name in
the request.

=item B<-clrext>

delete any extensions from a certificate. This option is used when a
certificate is being created from another certificate (for example with
the B<-signkey> or the B<-CA> options). Normally all extensions are
retained.

=item B<-keyform PEM|DER>

specifies the format (DER or PEM) of the private key file used in the
B<-signkey> option.

=item B<-days arg>

specifies the number of days to make a certificate valid for. The default
is 30 days.

=item B<-x509toreq>

converts a certificate into a certificate request. The B<-signkey> option
is used to pass the required private key.

=item B<-req>

by default a certificate is expected on input. With this option a
certificate request is expected instead.

=item B<-set_serial n>

specifies the serial number to use. This option can be used with either
the B<-signkey> or B<-CA> options. If used in conjunction with the B<-CA>
option the serial number file (as specified by the B<-CAserial> or
B<-CAcreateserial> options) is not used.

The serial number can be decimal or hex (if preceded by B<0x>). Negative
serial numbers can also be specified but their use is not recommended.

=item B<-CA filename>

specifies the CA certificate to be used for signing. When this option is
present B<x509> behaves like a "mini CA". The input file is signed by this
CA using this option: that is its issuer name is set to the subject name
of the CA and it is digitally signed using the CAs private key.

This option is normally combined with the B<-req> option. Without the
B<-req> option the input is a certificate which must be self signed.

=item B<-CAkey filename>

sets the CA private key to sign a certificate with. If this option is
not specified then it is assumed that the CA private key is present in
the CA certificate file.

=item B<-CAserial filename>

sets the CA serial number file to use.

When the B<-CA> option is used to sign a certificate it uses a serial
number specified in a file. This file consist of one line containing
an even number of hex digits with the serial number to use. After each
use the serial number is incremented and written out to the file again.

The default filename consists of the CA certificate file base name with
".srl" appended. For example if the CA certificate file is called 
"mycacert.pem" it expects to find a serial number file called "mycacert.srl".

=item B<-CAcreateserial>

with this option the CA serial number file is created if it does not exist:
it will contain the serial number "02" and the certificate being signed will
have the 1 as its serial number. Normally if the B<-CA> option is specified
and the serial number file does not exist it is an error.

=item B<-extfile filename>

file containing certificate extensions to use. If not specified then
no extensions are added to the certificate.

=item B<-extensions section>

the section to add certificate extensions from. If this option is not
specified then the extensions should either be contained in the unnamed
(default) section or the default section should contain a variable called
"extensions" which contains the section to use.

=back

=head2 NAME OPTIONS

The B<nameopt> command line switch determines how the subject and issuer
names are displayed. If no B<nameopt> switch is present the default "oneline"
format is used which is compatible with previous versions of OpenSSL.
Each option is described in detail below, all options can be preceded by
a B<-> to turn the option off. Only the first four will normally be used.

=over 4

=item B<compat>

use the old format. This is equivalent to specifying no name options at all.

=item B<RFC2253>

displays names compatible with RFC2253 equivalent to B<esc_2253>, B<esc_ctrl>,
B<esc_msb>, B<utf8>, B<dump_nostr>, B<dump_unknown>, B<dump_der>,
B<sep_comma_plus>, B<dn_rev> and B<sname>.

=item B<oneline>

a oneline format which is more readable than RFC2253. It is equivalent to
specifying the  B<esc_2253>, B<esc_ctrl>, B<esc_msb>, B<utf8>, B<dump_nostr>,
B<dump_der>, B<use_quote>, B<sep_comma_plus_space>, B<space_eq> and B<sname>
options.

=item B<multiline>

a multiline format. It is equivalent B<esc_ctrl>, B<esc_msb>, B<sep_multiline>,
B<space_eq>, B<lname> and B<align>.

=item B<esc_2253>

escape the "special" characters required by RFC2253 in a field That is