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<TITLE>Sams Teach Yourself Linux in 24 Hours:Internet Downloading and Browsing:EarthWeb Inc.-</TITLE>
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<!-- ISBN=0672311623 //-->
<!-- TITLE=Sams Teach Yourself Linux in 24 Hours//-->
<!-- AUTHOR=Bill Ball//-->
<!-- PUBLISHER=Macmillan Computer Publishing//-->
<!-- IMPRINT=Sams//-->
<!-- CHAPTER=13 //-->
<!-- PAGES=0193-0210 //-->
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<a href="0193-0196.html">Previous</A> | <a href="../ewtoc.html">Table of Contents</A> | <a href="0200-0203.html">Next</A>
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<A NAME="PAGENUM-197"><P>Page 197</P></A>
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<PRE>
drwxrwxr-x 4 232 19 512 Dec 4 19:37 general
drwxrwxr-x 2 232 19 1024 Dec 4 19:37 graphics-dtp
drwxrwxr-x 2 232 19 512 Dec 4 19:37 macintosh
drwxrwxr-x 2 232 19 512 Dec 4 19:40 mlr
drwxrwxr-x 3 232 19 512 Dec 4 19:37 multimedia
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root other 13 Dec 4 19:34 net-cd -> ../que/net-cd
drwxrwxr-x 2 232 19 512 Dec 4 19:37 network-comms
drwxrwxr-x 2 232 19 1024 Dec 4 19:37 news-releases
drwxrwxr-x 2 232 19 512 Dec 4 19:38 operating-sys
drwxrwxr-x 35 232 19 2560 Dec 4 19:39 programming
drwxrwxr-x 2 232 19 512 Dec 4 19:39 spreadsheet
drwxrwxr-x 2 232 19 512 Dec 4 19:40 temp
drwxrwxr-x 2 232 19 1024 Dec 4 19:39 utilities
drwxrwxr-x 2 232 19 512 Dec 4 19:40 vrml
drwxrwxr-x 2 232 19 512 Dec 4 19:40 windows-95
drwxrwxr-x 9 232 19 512 Dec 4 19:40 windows-utilities
226 Transfer complete.
ftp> cd operating-sys
250 CWD command successful.
ftp> ls
200 PORT command successful.
150 Opening ASCII mode data connection for /bin/ls.
total 21836
drwxrwxr-x 2 232 19 512 Dec 4 19:38 .
drwxrwxr-x 24 232 19 1024 Dec 4 19:40 ..
-rw-rw-r-- 1 232 19 1061074 Jun 5 1997 bjsa200.exe
-rw-rw-r-- 1 232 19 660 Jun 5 1997 bjsa200.txt
-rwxr-xr-x 1 19 19 1228592 Apr 22 1997 diskeepr.zip
-rw-rw-r-- 1 232 19 308263 Aug 21 20:26 err6000.exe
-rw-r--r-- 1 232 19 35930 Dec 20 1994 inidoc.zip
-rw-r--r-- 1 232 19 301250 Dec 20 1994 iniexe.zip
-rw-rw-r-- 1 232 19 491792 Jul 1 19:37 oleaut32.dll
-rw-rw-r-- 1 232 19 47616 Nov 21 1995 os2errat.doc
-rw-rw-r-- 1 232 19 1990677 Jun 5 1997 patch.zip
-rwxr-xr-x 1 19 19 29660 Apr 22 1997 pg.exe
-rw-r--r-- 1 232 19 15583 Dec 20 1994 shutdo.zip
-rwxr-xr-x 1 19 19 5265 Apr 22 1997 stub.exe
-rwxr-xr-x 1 19 19 1406264 Apr 22 1997 tapedisk.exe
-rw-rw-r-- 1 232 19 12968 Apr 23 1996 uslinux.txt
-rwxr-xr-x 1 19 19 4139587 Apr 22 1997 website.exe
226 Transfer complete.
ftp> ascii
200 Type set to A.
ftp> get uslinux.txt
local: uslinux.txt remote: uslinux.txt
200 PORT command successful.
150 Opening ASCII mode data connection for uslinux.txt (12968 bytes).
226 Transfer complete.
13294 bytes received in 5.86 secs (2.2 Kbytes/sec)
ftp>
ftp> bye
221 Goodbye.
#
</PRE>
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<P>This sample session shows that I specified the
ftp server at Macmillan as the host computer I wanted to connect to and retrieve files. By convention, many system administrators
create
</P>
<A NAME="PAGENUM-198"><P>Page 198</P></A>
<P>
and maintain a user called ftp, and a directory called
ftp, which, although it does not require no password, does require you to enter a mail address in the form of
user@somewhere.com. The location of the ftp directory may differ, but if you examine the
/etc/passwd file for your Linux system, you'll find an
ftp user with a directory under the /home directory, for example:
</P>
<!-- CODE SNIP //-->
<PRE>
ftp:*:14:50:FTP User:/home/ftp:
</PRE>
<!-- END CODE SNIP //-->
<P>This /etc/passwd entry shows that people can connect to your system (if you're on a
network or have enabled user dial-in logins). By convention, when you use the
ftp program to connect to other computers, you enter your username at the Name: prompt as
anonymous, followed by your email address as the password.
</P>
<P>You can see that, after I logged in, I first listed the current directory, then
changed directory to the pub directory. After listing that directory, I changed to the
software directory, then changed directories to the
operating-sys directory. If I had known the full path to the file
I wanted, I could have specified that pathname in a single
cd command, for example:
</P>
<!-- CODE SNIP //-->
<PRE>
> cd pub/software/operating-sys
</PRE>
<!-- END CODE SNIP //-->
<P>I then enabled the ftp command's ASCII transfer mode, retrieved the file
uslinux.txt with the get command, and then logged off and exited the
ftp program with the bye command. As you can see, using the
ftp command is not hard and is an easy way to retrieve files.
</P>
<P>You can also open an anonymous ftp connection to your own computer to demonstrate
how ftp works without having an Internet connection available. You can specify the
hostname of your computer, which you can get with the
hostname command, or by using your computer's Internet Protocol address,
for example:
</P>
<!-- CODE //-->
<PRE>
# hostname
localhost.localdomain
# ftp localhost
Connected to localhost.
220 localhost FTP server (Version wu-2.4.2-academ[BETA-12]
Â(1) Wed Mar 5 12:37:21 EST 1997) ready.
Name (localhost:bball): anonymous
331 Guest login ok, send your complete e-mail address as password.
Password:
230 Guest login ok, access restrictions apply.
Remote system type is UNIX.
Using binary mode to transfer files.
ftp> ls
200 PORT command successful.
150 Opening ASCII mode data connection for /bin/ls.
total 6
drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 1024 Nov 28 21:25 .
drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 1024 Nov 28 21:25 ..
d--x--x--x 2 root root 1024 Nov 28 21:25 bin
d--x--x--x 2 root root 1024 Nov 28 21:25 etc
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 1024 Nov 28 21:25 lib
dr-xr-sr-x 2 root ftp 1024 Mar 3 1997 pub
</PRE>
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<A NAME="PAGENUM-199"><P>Page 199</P></A>
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<PRE>
226 Transfer complete.
ftp > bye
221 Goodbye.
#
</PRE>
<!-- END CODE SNIP //-->
<P>You can also log into other computers using an assigned username and password, but
for this example, I'll use my own system:
</P>
<!-- CODE //-->
<PRE>
# ftp 127.0.0.0
Connected to 127.0.0.0.
220 localhost FTP server (Version wu-2.4.2-academ[BETA-12](1)
 Wed Mar 5 12:37:21 EST 1997) ready.
Name (127.0.0.0:bball): bball
331 Password required for bball.
Password:
230 User bball logged in.
Remote system type is UNIX.
Using binary mode to transfer files.
ftp> ls documents
200 PORT command successful.
150 Opening ASCII mode data connection for /bin/ls.
total 62
drwxrwxr-x 2 bball bball 1024 Dec 11 08:46 .
drwxrwxr-x 14 bball bball 2048 Dec 11 13:39 ..
-rw-rw-r-- 1 bball bball 5289 Oct 23 12:46 FCFCU102397.aw
-rw-rw-r-- 1 bball bball 5381 Nov 24 15:00 IRS112497.aw
-rw-rw-r-- 1 bball bball 4693 Dec 3 20:37 book.as
-rw-rw-r-- 1 bball bball 5852 Oct 30 10:13 compound.as
-rw-r--r-- 1 bball bball 14820 Dec 11 08:46 invest.as
-rw-r--r-- 1 bball bball 6288 Dec 7 20:39 invest.dif
-rw-r--r-- 1 bball bball 2883 Dec 7 20:40 invest.txt
-rw-rw-r-- 1 bball bball 9436 Dec 7 20:41 sc.txt
226 Transfer complete.
ftp> bye
221 Goodbye.
#
</PRE>
<!-- END CODE //-->
<P>In this example, after logging in with my system username and password, I ended up
in my home directory, instead of the default ftp directory. If you have an open PPP
connection with your ISP, and other users know your computer's IP address, you and other users
can access your system's files and upload and download files.
</P>
<H4><A NAME="ch13_ 6">
Downloading with the ncftp Command
</A></H4>
<P>The ncftp command, found under the /usr/bin directory, is much like the original
ftp command, but features some unique improvements, such as
</P>
<UL>
<LI> A visual mode, with colors
<LI> A status bar, with separate command line and scrolling window
<LI> Visual status of downloading—a progress meter to show elapsed and
remaining time for file downloads
</UL>
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