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<TITLE>Sams Teach Yourself Linux in 24 Hours:Using the X Window System:EarthWeb Inc.-</TITLE>

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<!-- ISBN=0672311623 //-->

<!-- TITLE=Sams Teach Yourself Linux in 24 Hours//-->

<!-- AUTHOR=Bill Ball//-->

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<P><CENTER>

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<A NAME="PAGENUM-112"><P>Page 112</P></A>







<UL>

<DL>standalone Linux X11 workstations</DL>

</UL>



<P>You'll find that rxvt supports at least one of the same command-line options as

nxterm&#151;the -e option to run programs in a standalone X Window. The

-e option is useful if you want to run programs under X that are normally run from a non-graphical environment

(the console), for example:

</P>



<!-- CODE SNIP //-->

<PRE>

# rxvt -e pico &amp;

</PRE>

<!-- END CODE SNIP //-->



<P>This command line will run the pico editor (part of the

pine mail program) in a standalone window. You can create, open, edit, and save files, but when you quit the

pico editor, the window will disappear. This is a great way to run interactive console programs under X.

</P>



<P>The rxvt client also supports a number of X Toolkit options, as you'll see in the next

section. By using these options, you can start your

rxvt terminal at any location of your desktop,

with any available font, and with a selection of foreground and background colors.

</P>



<H3><A NAME="ch07_ 11">

Learning X11 Basic Operations

</A></H3>



<P>A number of basic operations are important for you know about in using X11 and

X11 clients. Many programs accept similar command-line options, so you can customize

the size, color, and placement of client windows. This section introduces you to some of

the more common command-line options and shows you how to use them.

</P>



<TABLE BGCOLOR=#FFFF99>

<TR><TD>TIME SAVER</TD></TR>

<TR><TD> 

<BLOCKQUOTE>

Not all X11 clients support the same X11 options, known as X

Toolkit command-line options. For a full discussion of these options, see the X

manual page, found under the /usr/X11/man/man1 directory, or an individual

client's manual page for details.

</BLOCKQUOTE>

</TD></TR>

</TABLE>





<H4><A NAME="ch07_ 12">

Using X11 Client Geometry Settings

</A></H4>



<P>You can use the geometry option, usually in the form of

-geometry widthxheight+xoffset+yoffset, to manage how and where your client's window will be displayed.

</P>



<P>For example, if you want to start an rxvt terminal in the upper left corner of your

screen, you would use

</P>



<!-- CODE SNIP //-->

<PRE>

# rxvt -geometry 80x25+0+0 &amp;

</PRE>

<!-- END CODE SNIP //-->



<P>This command starts an 80-character, 25-line

rxvt terminal, and places its window at the upper left corner of your display. Here's a neat trick: If you are using a

virtual-window-

</P>



<A NAME="PAGENUM-113"><P>Page 113</P></A>





<P>

capable window manager, and have several desktops available, you can start

terminal emulators not only in your current desktop, but also in other desktops.

</P>



<P>For example, if your current desktop is

800&#165;600, you can easily start other X11

clients in adjacent desktops by specifying the x and y offsets, as follows:

</P>



<!-- CODE SNIP //-->

<PRE>

# rxvt -geometry 80x25+801+0

# rxvt -geometry 80x25+0+601

</PRE>

<!-- END CODE SNIP //-->



<P>The first command line will start another terminal window, but at the upper left corner

of the desktop immediately to the right. The second command line starts another

terminal window, but at the upper left corner of the desktop immediately below. This is a

handy feature to use if you want to set up not only your desktops, but others before you start

X11. Using this approach, you can start word processing in one desktop, a Web browser

in another, and a graphics program in a third (assuming you have enough memory).

</P>



<P>The geometry specification is extremely useful for building organized, working

screens. You can also use the very convenient &quot;save desktop&quot; features of the

fvwm family of window managers to build your displays manually, and then save the window display settings to

a file to be later edited into your .xinitrc window initializer file.

</P>



<TABLE BGCOLOR=#FFFF99>

<TR><TD>TIME SAVER</TD></TR>

<TR><TD>

<BLOCKQUOTE>

The .xinitrc file usually resides in your home directory, and should be

copied from the system xinitrc file, found in the

/etc/X11/xinit directory.

</BLOCKQUOTE>

</TD></TR>

</TABLE>





<H4><A NAME="ch07_ 13">

Setting Background and Foreground Colors for X11 Clients

</A></H4>



<P>You can also usually set background and foreground colors for different parts of your

X11 client's window with the -bg and -fg color command-line options. You'll find a list of

colors supported by the XFree86 X11 servers in the file

rgb.txt in the /usr/X11R6/lib/X11 directory. For example, to start the

rxvt terminal emulator with a red background with yellow text for

the foreground, you would use

</P>



<!-- CODE SNIP //-->

<PRE>

# rxvt -bg red -fg yellow

</PRE>

<!-- END CODE SNIP //-->



<P>If you're not using X11 in the 8bpp (8 bits per pixel) mode (256 colors) with

the XF86_SVGA server, you'll find a more limited selection of colors available. For

example, you'll only have 16 colors available if you use the XF86_VGA16 server, or only black

and white if you use the monochrome server, XF86_Mono. You might also try to see

the available colors by using the xcmap client, which displays the colors in a grid, and gives

the rgb (red, green, and blue) values of the color in base 16, or hexadecimal (see the X and

xcmap manual pages for more information). Another program to try is the

showrgb client, which will automatically list the contents of the rgb database,

rgb.txt.

</P>





<A NAME="PAGENUM-114"><P>Page 114</P></A>





<P>

Other color options can include -bd for color choices of window borders, or the

-rv and +rv reverse video modes, which are useful for monochrome displays.

</P>



<H4><A NAME="ch07_ 14">

Setting X11 Client Resources

</A></H4>



<P>The X Window System also supports further client configuration through the

use of client resources. These are nothing more than text files that contain settings for different

aspects of how a client looks or runs. You might also be able to set different resources of a

client program when it first starts by using the

-xrm command-line option to specify a resource string, but most programs will only use a resource file.

</P>



<P>In order to change resource settings, you need to know what resources an X11 client

uses. You can find this information by either reading the program's manual page, or looking

for any installed settings in a file with (but not always) the client's name in the

app-defaults directory under the

/usr/X11R6/lib/X11 directory, as follows:

</P>



<!-- CODE //-->

<PRE>

# ls -A /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/app-defaults

Beforelight     RXvt*           XGetfile        XPlaycd         Xgc

Bitmap          Seyon           XIdle           XScreenSaver    Xgopher

Bitmap-color    Seyon-color     XLoad           XSm             Xgopher-color

Chooser         Viewres         XLock           XSysinfo        Xloadimage

Editres         X3270           XLogo           XSysinfo-color  Xmag

Editres-color   XBanner         XLogo-color     XTerm           Xman

Fig             XCalc           XMailbox        XTerm-color     Xmessage

Fig-color       XCalc-color     XMdb            Xditview        Xmh

GV              XClipboard      XMem            Xditview-chrtr  Xvidtune

GXditview       XClock          XMixer          Xedit           xosview

Ghostview       XConsole        XPaint          Xfd

NXTerm          XFontSel        XPat            Xfm



</PRE>

<!-- END CODE //-->



<P>You can see that there are quite a few files with application default settings, but that

not all of the more than 200 programs for X11 have settings installed. Each file

contains resource strings for a particular X11 client. The resource strings can provide not

only information that determines how a program is displayed, but the contents and handling

of menus, buttons, or other parts of a program.

</P>



<P>The format of resource strings is defined in the X manual page, but many X11 client

manual pages will list different resources, with examples, for a particular client. For example, if

you look at the resource settings for the xpaint drawing program's main toolbox, you'll

see the following values:

</P>



<!-- CODE //-->

<PRE>

...

!

!  The top level operation/toolbox menu

!

XPaint.width:                   232

XPaint.height:                  350

...

</PRE>

<!-- END CODE //-->



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