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<!-- ISBN=0672311623 //-->
<!-- TITLE=SAMS TEACH YOURSELF LINUX IN 24 HOURS //-->
<!-- AUTHOR=BILL BALL, STEPHEN SMOOGEN //-->
<!-- PUBLISHER=MACMILLAN //-->
<!-- IMPRINT=SAMS //-->
<!-- PUBLICATION DATE=1998 //-->
<!-- CHAPTER=21 //-->
<!-- PAGES=0313-0328 //-->
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<P><CENTER>
<a href="0313-0316.html">Previous</A> | <a href="../ewtoc.html">Table of Contents</A> | <a href="0320-0322.html">Next</A>
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<A NAME="PAGENUM-317"><P>Page 317</P></A>
<P>
<CENTER>
<TABLE BGCOLOR="#FFFF99">
<TR><TD><B>
CAUTION
</B></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
You should know that editing the filesystem table by hand is
inherently dangerous. You learned to add quotas in Hour 20, "Basic System
Administration," but generally you should not edit this file by hand. Instead, use Red
Hat's graphical filesystem configuration tool,
fstool, discussed in Hour 22. Use this tool if you need to add a hard drive, new partitions, and so on. Although you
can edit the fstab file, before you do, make sure you have a backup boot disk on
hand, and make a copy of the fstab file before you edit it.
</BLOCKQUOTE></TD></TR>
</TABLE></CENTER>
</P>
<P>Normally the root operator mounts and unmounts filesystems. But if you take my
advice and don't run Linux as root all the time, you'll have to
use the su command to mount and unmount filesystems. By using the
user option of the mount command, you won't have to
use the su command to mount CD-ROMs. You can, for example, change the original
fstab entries to
</P>
<!-- CODE SNIP //-->
<PRE>
/dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom iso9660 noauto,ro,user 0 0
/dev/hdb /mnt/cdrom iso9660 noauto,ro,user 0 0
</PRE>
<!-- END CODE SNIP //-->
<P>You'll now be able to mount CD-ROMs without having to be the root operator, by using
</P>
<!-- CODE SNIP //-->
<PRE>
# mount /dev/cdrom
</PRE>
<!-- END CODE SNIP //-->
<P>or
</P>
<!-- CODE SNIP //-->
<PRE>
# mount /mnt/cdrom
</PRE>
<!-- END CODE SNIP //-->
<P>This will automatically mount your CD-ROM's filesystem at the
/mnt/cdrom path. You'll also be able to switch your disks with
the umount command, for example:
</P>
<!-- CODE SNIP //-->
<PRE>
# umount /dev/cdrom
</PRE>
<!-- END CODE SNIP //-->
<P>or
</P>
<!-- CODE SNIP //-->
<PRE>
# umount /mnt/cdrom
</PRE>
<!-- END CODE SNIP //-->
<P>Although you should enable this type of convenience only if you're using Linux on
a standalone computer, and only for certain types of filesystems, such as CD-ROMs, it
is convenient, especially for removable filesystems. Another type of removable filesystem
is the venerable floppy drive. The next section discusses floppy drives, and is followed by
a discussion of a package of floppy utilities that can make life easier when dealing
with floppies under Linux.
</P>
<A NAME="PAGENUM-318"><P>Page 318</P></A>
<H3><A NAME="ch21_ 7">
Formatting a Floppy
</A></H3>
<P>This section introduces you to three programs you might need to format a floppy
under Linux and takes you step-by-step through the process. You might find this
information useful if you want to back up files or use the floppy to install and test new software.
You'll also learn how to format and then mount your floppy in Linux native format using the
ext2 filesystem (used for your Linux partition, and the root, or
/, directory).
</P>
<P>The floppy devices are located under the /dev
directory, and there are quite a few of them. You'll find a device corresponding to just about any type of floppy device ever made.
You can look at the /dev directory for floppy devices as follows:
</P>
<!-- CODE //-->
<PRE>
# ls /dev/fd*
/dev/fd0 /dev/fd0H1722 /dev/fd0h1600 /dev/fd1E3200 /dev/fd1H830
/dev/fd0CompaQ /dev/fd0H1743 /dev/fd0h360 /dev/fd1E3520 /dev/fd1d360
/dev/fd0D1040 /dev/fd0H1760 /dev/fd0h410 /dev/fd1E3840 /dev/fd1h1200
/dev/fd0D1120 /dev/fd0H1840 /dev/fd0h420 /dev/fd1H1440 /dev/fd1h1440
/dev/fd0D360 /dev/fd0H1920 /dev/fd0h720 /dev/fd1H1600 /dev/fd1h1476
/dev/fd0D720 /dev/fd0H360 /dev/fd0h880 /dev/fd1H1680 /dev/fd1h1494
/dev/fd0D800 /dev/fd0H720 /dev/fd1 /dev/fd1H1722 /dev/fd1h1600
/dev/fd0E2880 /dev/fd0H820 /dev/fd1CompaQ /dev/fd1H1743 /dev/fd1h360
/dev/fd0E3200 /dev/fd0H830 /dev/fd1D1040 /dev/fd1H1760 /dev/fd1h410
/dev/fd0E3520 /dev/fd0d360 /dev/fd1D1120 /dev/fd1H1840 /dev/fd1h420
/dev/fd0E3840 /dev/fd0h1200 /dev/fd1D360 /dev/fd1H1920 /dev/fd1h720
/dev/fd0H1440 /dev/fd0h1440 /dev/fd1D720 /dev/fd1H360 /dev/fd1h880
/dev/fd0H1600 /dev/fd0h1476 /dev/fd1D800 /dev/fd1H720
/dev/fd0H1680 /dev/fd0h1494 /dev/fd1E2880 /dev/fd1H820
</PRE>
<!-- END CODE //-->
<P>This section concentrates on the more common device for 3.5-inch, 1.44MB floppies.<BR>
These are
</P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
/dev/fd0—Drive A<BR>
/dev/fd1—Drive B
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>A number of supported floppy formats are listed in
the fdprm, or floppy drive parameter file, under the
/etc/ directory. Take a look at a portion of the file:
</P>
<!-- CODE //-->
<PRE>
# /etc/fdprm - floppy disk parameter table
# Common disk formats. Names are of the form
# actual media capacity/maximum drive capacity
# (Note: although 5.25" HD drives can format disks at 1.44M, they're listed
# as 1200 because that's the common maximum size.)
# size sec/t hds trk stre gap rate spec1 fmt_gap
360/360 720 9 2 40 0 0x2A 0x02 0xDF 0x50
1200/1200 2400 15 2 80 0 0x1B 0x00 0xDF 0x54
360/720 720 9 2 40 1 0x2A 0x02 0xDF 0x50
720/720 1440 9 2 80 0 0x2A 0x02 0xDF 0x50
720/1440 1440 9 2 80 0 0x2A 0x02 0xDF 0x50
360/1200 720 9 2 40 1 0x23 0x01 0xDF 0x50
720/1200 1440 9 2 80 0 0x23 0x01 0xDF 0x50
1440/1440 2880 18 2 80 0 0x1B 0x00 0xCF 0x6C
...
</PRE>
<!-- END CODE //-->
<A NAME="PAGENUM-319"><P>Page 319</P></A>
<P>The format you'll most likely be interested in is the 1440/1440 description of today's
3.5-inch high-density drives. Using this name, you'll use
the setfdprm (set floppy disk parameter) command (found under the
/usr/bin directory), to associate your drive A: floppy with
its device, /dev/fd0, as follows:
</P>
<!-- CODE SNIP //-->
<PRE>
# setfdprm -p /dev/fd0 1440/1440
</PRE>
<!-- END CODE SNIP //-->
<P>After that, you can proceed with a low-level format of your drive.
To do this, you'll use the fdformat (floppy disk formatting) command (found under the
/usr/bin directory). Insert a blank disk in your drive and then use
</P>
<!-- CODE SNIP //-->
<PRE>
# fdformat /dev/fd0
Double-sided, 80 tracks, 18 sec/track. Total capacity 1440 kB.
Formatting ... done
Verifying ... done
</PRE>
<!-- END CODE SNIP //-->
<P>Here, you've told the fdformat command to do a low-level format of the
/dev/fd0 device. Be careful! Make sure to specify the correct device.
</P>
<TABLE BGCOLOR=#FFFF99>
<TR><TD>TIME SAVER</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
You should also know that you can alternatively use a specific floppy device
to do the low-level format, for example:
<!-- CODE SNIP //-->
<PRE>
# fdformat /dev/fd0H1440
</PRE>
<!-- END CODE SNIP //-->
This tells fdformat to use the specific floppy device for high-density drives, in
this case, the A: drive.
</BLOCKQUOTE>
</TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P>The next step is to create a filesystem on the floppy. You'll use
the mke2fs command to make a Linux second extended filesystem on the floppy. The
mke2fs command, found under the /sbin directory, has at least two dozen command-line options, but you'll only use a few,
for example:
</P>
<!-- CODE //-->
<PRE>
# mke2fs -c -v -L "Linux1" /dev/fd0
mke2fs 1.10, 24-Apr-97 for EXT2 FS 0.5b, 95/08/09
Linux ext2 filesystem format
Filesystem label=Linux1
360 inodes, 1440 blocks
72 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=1
Block size=1024 (log=0)
Fragment size=1024 (log=0)
1 block group
8192 blocks per group, 8192 fragments per group
360 inodes per group
Running command: badblocks -s /dev/fd0 1440
Checking for bad blocks (read-only test): done
Writing inode tables: done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done<BR>
</PRE>
<!-- END CODE //-->
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