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<!-- TITLE=Sams Teach Yourself Linux in 24 Hours//-->
<!-- AUTHOR=Bill Ball//-->
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<!-- CHAPTER=04 //-->
<!-- PAGES=0041-0062 //-->
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<P><CENTER>
<a href="0050-0052.html">Previous</A> | <a href="../ewtoc.html">Table of Contents</A> | <a href="0056-0058.html">Next</A>
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<A NAME="PAGENUM-53"><P>Page 53</P></A>
<P><B>
Specifying Other Directories
</B></P>
<P>You can also use the ls command to view the contents of other directories by
specifying the directory, or pathname, on the command line. For example, if you want to see all
the files in the /usr/bin directory, use
</P>
<!-- CODE //-->
<PRE>
# ls /usr/bin
arch dd gzip netstat stty
ash df hostname nisdomainname su
awk dmesg kill ping sync
basename dnsdomainname ksh ps tar
bash doexec ln pwd tcsh
bsh domainname login red touch
cat echo ls rm true
chgrp ed mail rmdir umount
chmod egrep mkdir rpm uname
chown false mknod sed ypdomainname
cp fgrep more setserial zcat
cpio gawk mount sh
csh grep mt sleep
date gunzip mv sort
</PRE>
<!-- END CODE //-->
<P>The ls command also supports using wildcards, or regular expressions, which means
you can use options similar to (and much more complex than) the examples you've seen
with the find and locate commands. For example, if you only want to search for text files in
the current directory, you can use
</P>
<!-- CODE SNIP //-->
<PRE>
# ls *.txt
</PRE>
<!-- END CODE SNIP //-->
<P>Finally, if you want to see all of the files on your system, you can use the
ls -R option, which recursively descends directories to show you the contents. Although you can use
this approach to search for files and build a catalog of the files on your system, you should
</P>
<P>be warned that it might take several minutes to list your files. The listing may also include
files you don't want listed, or files on other operating system filesystems, such as DOS
or Windows, especially if you use
</P>
<!-- CODE SNIP //-->
<PRE>
# ls -R /
</PRE>
<!-- END CODE SNIP //-->
<P>A better approach might be to use the -d option with
-R to list only a certain number of directory levels. For example, the following command will search three directory
levels along the root or / directory:
</P>
<!-- CODE SNIP //-->
<PRE>
# ls -Rd /*/*/*
</PRE>
<!-- END CODE SNIP //-->
<P>However, there's a much better utility for getting a picture of the directory structure of
your system, the tree command, which is discussed later in this hour.
</P>
<A NAME="PAGENUM-54"><P>Page 54</P></A>
<TABLE BGCOLOR=#FFFF99><TR><TD>JUST A MINUTE</TD></TR><TR><TD>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
Do you like how ls -aF shows your directories? Or would you prefer
ls to use colors all the time? If you want the ls command to always show this sort
of detail, see Hour 6.
</BLOCKQUOTE></TD></TR></TABLE>
<H4><A NAME="ch04_ 14">
Listing Directories with the dir and vdir Commands
</A></H4>
<P>If you just can't get the hang of using ls to list your directories, you can use the
dir or vdir commands. These commands have only about 45 command-line options, compared to
ls's over 75, but they're just as capable. They work like
ls, but with certain defaults.
</P>
<P>The dir command works like the default ls command, listing the files in sorted columns,
for example:
</P>
<!-- CODE SNIP //-->
<PRE>
# dir
News axhome nsmail search
author.msg documents reading vultures.msg
auto mail research
</PRE>
<!-- END CODE SNIP //-->
<P>The vdir command works like the ls -l option, and presents a long format listing by
default, for example:
</P>
<!-- CODE //-->
<PRE>
# vdir
total 15
drwxr-xr-x 2 bball bball 1024 Nov 12 08:20 News
-rw-rw-r-- 1 bball bball 4766 Nov 12 07:41 author.msg
drwxrwxr-x 2 bball bball 1024 Nov 5 10:04 auto
drwxrwxr-x 3 bball bball 1024 Nov 12 13:54 axhome
drwxrwxr-x 2 bball bball 1024 Nov 12 15:13 documents
drwx------ 2 bball bball 1024 Nov 12 14:02 mail
drwx------ 2 bball bball 1024 Sep 15 01:57 nsmail
drwxrwxr-x 2 bball bball 1024 Oct 29 20:28 reading
drwxrwxr-x 5 bball bball 1024 Nov 5 10:03 research
-rwxrwxr-x 1 bball bball 200 Oct 24 13:24 search
-rw-rw-r-- 1 bball bball 801 Nov 11 22:46 vultures.msg
</PRE>
<!-- END CODE //-->
<P>Although you won't find separate manual pages for
dir or vdir (they're mentioned in the ls man page), you can get help with each command by using the
--help option.
</P>
<H4><A NAME="ch04_ 15">
Graphic Directory Listings with the tree Command
</A></H4>
<P>You now know how to list the contents of your directories, but you may also be
interested in the directory structure of your system, or the directory structure of a particular tree
of your system (such as /usr/X11R6). For example, ls
-R will recursively print out your directories, but how are these directories related to each other? If you would like a more
direct, graphical view of your directories, a directory listing utility can help.
</P>
<P>Steve Baker's tree utility will print a graphic view of any desired structure, and it has
several handy features. First, tree's syntax, or command-line, options are similar to several of
those for the ls command. Wildcards or expressions are supported. The tree command also
</P>
<A NAME="PAGENUM-55"><P>Page 55</P></A>
<P>supports color in its listings, like ls. Finally,
tree has a -x option similar to the find command's
-xdev option, so you don't have to get a directory picture of operating systems if you
choose to start your listing with the root or / directory.
</P>
<P>The tree command is easy to use. For example, if you would like to see the contents of
the /var/lib directory, along with all files, try the following:
</P>
<!-- CODE //-->
<PRE>
# tree /var/lib
/var/lib
|-- alien
| |-- applix-english_4.3-2.diff.gz
| |-- applix_4.2-2.diff.gz
| `-- applix_4.3-2.diff.gz
|-- games
|-- locatedb
|-- logrotate.status
|-- rpm
| |-- conflictsindex.rpm
| |-- fileindex.rpm
| |-- groupindex.rpm
| |-- nameindex.rpm
| |-- packages.rpm
| |-- providesindex.rpm
| `-- requiredby.rpm
`-- texmf
|-- fonts
| `-- pk
| `-- ljfour
| `-- public
| `-- cm
| |-- cmbx10.600pk
| |-- cmbx10.720pk
| |-- cmbx10.840pk
| |-- cmmi10.600pk
| |-- cmmi10.720pk
| |-- cmr10.420pk
| |-- cmr10.480pk
| |-- cmr10.600pk
| |-- cmsy10.480pk
| |-- cmsy10.600pk
| |-- cmti10.600pk
| `-- cmtt10.600pk
`-- texfonts
10 directories, 24 files
</PRE>
<!-- END CODE //-->
<P>The tree command also has a handy -d option to list only directories, and not files
(unlike ls). This is one of the best ways to get an idea of what your Linux file system looks like
from a directory standpoint. You can also use it to view the directory structure of
installed software. For example, to see what is on your system after installing the Netscape
Web browser, try
</P>
<!-- CODE SNIP //-->
<PRE>
# tree -d /usr/local/netscape
</PRE>
<!-- END CODE SNIP //-->
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