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<H2><A NAME="Heading1"></A><FONT COLOR="#000077">Appendix D<BR>The GNU General Public License
</FONT></H2>
<P><I></I></P>
<I>by Jack Tackett</I>
<DL>
<DT><B>In this appendix</B>
<DT>The GNU License
<DT>Preamble
<DT>GNU General Public License Terms and Conditions for Copying, Distribution, and Modification
<DT>How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
</DL>
<P>What exactly is GNU? Many believe GNU software is public domain, and some believe GNU software is shareware. Neither is true. Basically, GNU software is copyrighted software that authors have granted the permission to distribute under certain conditions. Those conditions include the provision to provide source code, and that no part of the software may be placed under a copyright that restricts the further distribution of the software—that is, you can’t use source code copyrighted under the GNU License within your program without making your source code freely available.
</P>
<P>Although the GNU copyright specifies that you must make your source code available, it doesn’t mean you have to give your program away for free; you can charge a fee for your program, but that fee MUST include the source code for both the GNU portions and YOUR portion. You can’t charge a fee for the executable part of the program and then another fee for the source code—one price for both. Thus, you can’t withhold or charge extra for what you might consider proprietary source code. This is the main objection many software executives have with using GNU software within their programs—they don’t want to make their source code available to their competitors.</P>
<P>But the concept of GNU goes further, and perhaps the best source to explain this concept is Richard Stallman, the patriarch of the GNU philosophy. Stallman is a founder and proponent of the Free Software Foundation (FSF). He believes very strongly that all software should be free and that computer systems should be open for use by anyone. The fact that such programs as Linux and <TT>emacs</TT> are freely available matches his philosophy. Anyone can take it for his or her own use. Users are also encouraged to make modifications and share those changes with others.</P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<P><FONT SIZE="-1"><HR><B>NOTE: </B>The GNU License is sometimes referred to as the <TT>GNU copyleft</TT>, as a play on the word “copyright.” GNU is also a play on words—<TT>GNU’s Not UNIX</TT>. For more information on the GNU copyleft, see:
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<A HREF="http://www.fsf.org/copyleft/copyleft.html">http://www.fsf.org/copyleft/copyleft.html</A>
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<P>What does all this have to do with Linux? Well, the various components of Linux are distributed under GNU’s General Public License. Thus, Linux is neither in the public domain nor is it shareware; Linus Torvalds and the others retain copyright to their work under the GPL. The rest of this appendix is the GPL as published by the Free Software Federation.
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<P><FONT SIZE="-1"><HR><B>ON THE WEB: </B><BR>The Web site for the Free Software Foundation is<!-- CODE SNIP //-->
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<A HREF="http://www.fsf.org">http://www.fsf.org</A>
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<H3><A NAME="Heading2"></A><FONT COLOR="#000077">The GNU License</FONT></H3>
<P><I>Version 2, June 1991</I></P>
<P>Copyright© 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass. Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA</P>
<P>Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.</P>
<H3><A NAME="Heading3"></A><FONT COLOR="#000077">Preamble</FONT></H3>
<P>The licenses for most software are designed to take away your freedom to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free software—to make sure the software is free for all its users. This General Public License applies to most of the Free Software Foundation’s software and to any other program whose authors commit to using it. (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by the GNU Library General Public License instead.) You can apply it to your programs, too.
</P>
<P>When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new free programs; and that you know you can do these things.</P>
<P>To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights. These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it.</P>
<P>For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that you have. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the source code. And you must show them these terms so they know their rights.</P>
<P>We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and (2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy, distribute and/or modify the software.</P>
<P>Also, for each author’s protection and ours, we want to make certain that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free software. If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original authors’ reputations.</P>
<P>Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software patents. We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free program will individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the program proprietary. To prevent this, we have made it clear that any patent must be licensed for everyone’s free use or not licensed at all.</P>
<P>The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and modification follow.</P>
<H3><A NAME="Heading4"></A><FONT COLOR="#000077">GNU General Public License Terms and Conditions for Copying, Distribution, and Modification</FONT></H3>
<P>This License applies to any program or other work which contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed under the terms of this General Public License. The “Program,” below, refers to any such program or work, and a “work based on the Program” means either the Program or any derivative work under copyright law: that is to say, a work containing the Program or a portion of it, either verbatim or with modifications and/or translated into another language. (Hereinafter, translation is included without limitation in the term “modification.”) Each licensee is addressed as “you.”
</P>
<P>Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not covered by this License; they are outside its scope. The act of running the Program is not restricted, and the output from the Program is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on the Program (independent of having been made by running the Program). Whether that is true depends on what the Program does.</P>
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