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<H4 ALIGN="LEFT"><A NAME="Heading13"></A><FONT COLOR="#000077">Calc</FONT></H4>
<P><TT>Calc</TT> is a desk calculator and mathematical tool that is used within GNU <TT>Emacs</TT>. <TT>Calc</TT> can be used as a basic calculator, but it provides additional features including choice of algebraic or Reverse Polish Notation (RPN), logarithmic functions, trigonometric and financial functions, complex numbers, vectors, matrices, dates, times, infinities, sets, algebraic simplification, differentiation, and integration.</P>
<H4 ALIGN="LEFT"><A NAME="Heading14"></A><FONT COLOR="#000077">GNU Chess</FONT></H4>
<P>GNU <TT>Chess</TT> pits you against the computer in a full game of chess. It has regular-terminal, <TT>curses</TT> (a full-screen interface library for C), and X-terminal interfaces. GNU <TT>Chess</TT> implements many specialized features, including sophisticated heuristics that will challenge your best Bobby Fischer moves.</P>
<H4 ALIGN="LEFT"><A NAME="Heading15"></A><FONT COLOR="#000077">CLISP</FONT></H4>
<P><TT>CLISP</TT> is an implementation of Common Lisp, the list-processing language that is widely used in artificial-intelligence applications. <TT>CLISP</TT> includes an interpreter and a byte compiler and has user interfaces in English and German that can be chosen at compile time.</P>
<H4 ALIGN="LEFT"><A NAME="Heading16"></A><FONT COLOR="#000077">GNU Common Lisp</FONT></H4>
<P>GNU Common Lisp (<TT>gcl</TT>) has a compiler and interpreter for Common Lisp. It is highly portable, extremely efficient, and has a source-level Lisp debugger for interpreted code. <TT>gcl</TT> also has profiling tools and an <TT>Xlib</TT> interface.</P>
<H4 ALIGN="LEFT"><A NAME="Heading17"></A><FONT COLOR="#000077">cpio</FONT></H4>
<P><TT>cpio</TT> is a program that copies file archives to and from tape or disk. It can also be used to copy files into a larger archive file or to other directories.</P>
<H4 ALIGN="LEFT"><A NAME="Heading18"></A><FONT COLOR="#000077">CVS</FONT></H4>
<P>The Concurrent Version System (CVS) manages software revision and release control in a multideveloper, multidirectory, multigroup environment. It works in conjunction with RCS, another source code control program.
</P>
<H4 ALIGN="LEFT"><A NAME="Heading19"></A><FONT COLOR="#000077">dc</FONT></H4>
<P><TT>dc</TT> is an RPN calculator that can be used interactively or with input files.</P>
<H4 ALIGN="LEFT"><A NAME="Heading20"></A><FONT COLOR="#000077">DejaGnu</FONT></H4>
<P><TT>DejaGnu</TT> is a framework for writing scripts to test any program. It includes the embeddable scripting language <TT>Tcl</TT> and its derivative <TT>expect</TT>, which runs scripts that can simulate user input.</P>
<H4 ALIGN="LEFT"><A NAME="Heading21"></A><FONT COLOR="#000077">Diffutils</FONT></H4>
<P>The <TT>Diffutils</TT> package contains the file-comparison programs <TT>diff</TT>, <TT>diff3</TT>, <TT>sdiff</TT>, and <TT>cmp</TT>. GNU <TT>diff</TT> compares files showing line-by-line changes in several formats and is more efficient than its traditional version.</P>
<H4 ALIGN="LEFT"><A NAME="Heading22"></A><FONT COLOR="#000077">ecc</FONT></H4>
<P><TT>ecc</TT> is an error-correction checking program that uses the Reed-Solomon algorithm. It can correct a total of three byte errors in a block of 255 bytes and can detect more severe errors.</P>
<H4 ALIGN="LEFT"><A NAME="Heading23"></A><FONT COLOR="#000077">ed</FONT></H4>
<P><TT>ed</TT> is the standard line-based text editor.</P>
<H4 ALIGN="LEFT"><A NAME="Heading24"></A><FONT COLOR="#000077">Elib</FONT></H4>
<P>This is a small library of <TT>Emacs</TT> Lisp functions, including routines for using doubly linked lists.</P>
<H4 ALIGN="LEFT"><A NAME="Heading25"></A><FONT COLOR="#000077">GNU Emacs</FONT></H4>
<P>GNU <TT>Emacs</TT> is the second implementation of this highly popular editor developed by Richard Stallman. It integrates Lisp for writing extensions and provides an interface to X. In addition to its own powerful command set, <TT>Emacs</TT> has extensions that emulate other popular editors such as <TT>vi</TT> and <TT>EDT</TT> (DEC’s VMS editor). For more information on <TT>Emacs</TT>, refer to Chapter 16, “Text Editors: <TT>vi</TT> and <TT>emacs</TT>.”</P>
<H4 ALIGN="LEFT"><A NAME="Heading26"></A><FONT COLOR="#000077">GNU Emacs 19</FONT></H4>
<P><TT>Emacs 19</TT> is a richer version of the <TT>Emacs</TT> editor with extensive support for the X window system. It includes an interface to the X resource manager, has X toolkit support, has good RCS support, and includes many updated libraries. <TT>Emacs 19</TT> from the FSF works equally well on character-based terminals as it does under X.</P>
<H4 ALIGN="LEFT"><A NAME="Heading27"></A><FONT COLOR="#000077">es</FONT></H4>
<P><TT>es</TT> is a shell based on <TT>rc</TT> that has an exception system and supports functions that return values other than just numbers. It works well interactively or in scripts, particularly because its quoting rules are simpler than the C and Bourne shells.</P>
<H4 ALIGN="LEFT"><A NAME="Heading28"></A><FONT COLOR="#000077">Fileutils</FONT></H4>
<P><TT>Fileutils</TT> is a GNU collection of standard (and not-so-standard) Linux file utilities, including <TT>chgrp</TT>, <TT>chmod</TT>, <TT>chown</TT>, <TT>cp</TT>, <TT>dd</TT>, <TT>df</TT>, <TT>dir</TT>, <TT>du</TT>, <TT>install</TT>, <TT>ln</TT>, <TT>ls</TT>, <TT>mkdir</TT>, <TT>mkfifo</TT>, <TT>mknod</TT>, <TT>mv</TT>, <TT>mvdir</TT>, <TT>rm</TT>, <TT>rmdir</TT>, <TT>touch</TT>, and <TT>vdir</TT>.</P>
<H4 ALIGN="LEFT"><A NAME="Heading29"></A><FONT COLOR="#000077">find</FONT></H4>
<P><TT>find</TT> is a program that can be used both interactively and in shell scripts to find files given certain criteria and then execute operations (such as <TT>rm</TT>) on them. This program includes <TT>xargs</TT>, which applies a command to a list of files.</P>
<H4 ALIGN="LEFT"><A NAME="Heading30"></A><FONT COLOR="#000077">finger</FONT></H4>
<P><TT>finger</TT> displays information about one or more Linux users. GNU <TT>finger</TT> supports a single host that can act as the <TT>finger</TT> server host in sites that have multiple hosts. This host collects information about who is logged into other hosts at that site. Thus, a query to any machine at another site returns complete information about any user at that site. Here’s some sample output from a finger command:</P>
<!-- CODE SNIP //-->
<PRE>
# finger tparker@tpci.com
Login: tparker Name: Tim Parker
Directory: /usr/tparker Shell: /bin/sh
On since Sat Jun 6 11:33 on tty02, idle 51 days 21:22 (messages off)
On since Sun Jun 7 15:42 on ttyp0, idle 0:02
On since Sat Jun 6 11:33 on ttyp1, idle 21 days 10:01
Mail last read Tue Jun 16 18:38:48 1998
</PRE>
<!-- END CODE SNIP //-->
<P>As you can see, this version of <TT>finger</TT> (output differs a little depending on the operating system and version) shows the /etc/passwd details (login, comment line, home directory, and shell) as well as some session information.</P>
<H4 ALIGN="LEFT"><A NAME="Heading31"></A><FONT COLOR="#000077">flex</FONT></H4>
<P><TT>flex</TT> is a replacement for the <TT>lex</TT> scanner generator. The <TT>flex</TT> program generates more efficient scanners than does <TT>lex</TT>. The <TT>flex</TT> program also has the advantage that it generates C code. Scanners are used to identify tokens from input.</P>
<H4 ALIGN="LEFT"><A NAME="Heading32"></A><FONT COLOR="#000077">Fontutils</FONT></H4>
<P>The <TT>Fontutils</TT> create fonts for use with <TT>Ghostscript</TT> or <TT>TeX</TT>. They also contain general conversion programs and other utilities. Some of the programs in <TT>Fontutils</TT> include <TT>bpltobzr</TT>, <TT>bzrto</TT>, <TT>charspace</TT>, <TT>fontconvert</TT>, <TT>gsrenderfont</TT>, <TT>imageto</TT>, <TT>imgrotate</TT>, <TT>limn</TT>, and <TT>xbfe</TT>.</P>
<H4 ALIGN="LEFT"><A NAME="Heading33"></A><FONT COLOR="#000077">gas</FONT></H4>
<P><TT>gas</TT> is the GNU assembler that converts assembly code into object files. Native assembly works for many systems, including Linux.</P><P><BR></P>
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