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<P><BR></P>

<H4 ALIGN="LEFT"><A NAME="Heading13"></A><FONT COLOR="#000077">Defining a LaTeX Document</FONT></H4>

<P>Every <TT>LaTeX</TT> document begins with the <TT>\documentclass</TT> command. The parameter passed to this command specifies what kind of document you want to write. The basic document classes are described in Table 19.2.</P>

<TABLE WIDTH="100%"><CAPTION ALIGN=LEFT><B>Table 19.2.</B>  Document classes.

<TR>

<TH COLSPAN="2"><HR>

<TR>

<TH WIDTH="30%" ALIGN="LEFT">Document Class

<TH WIDTH="70%" ALIGN="LEFT">Description

<TR>

<TD COLSPAN="2"><HR>

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><TT>article</TT>

<TD>Used for short reports, reference cards, presentations, scientific journals, and so on.

<TR>

<TD><TT>book</TT>

<TD>Used for complete books.

<TR>

<TD><TT>report</TT>

<TD>Used for reports having several chapters, theses, and so on.

<TR>

<TD COLSPAN="2"><HR>

</TABLE>

<P>To create a very basic <TT>LaTeX</TT> document, simply place some words between the two commands <TT>\begin&#123;document&#125;</TT> and <TT>\end&#123;document&#125;</TT>. The text that precedes the <TT>\begin&#123;document&#125;</TT> command is called the <I>preamble</I>, and the text that comes after is known as the <I>body</I>. So, you can create a very simple document such as the following:</P>

<!-- CODE SNIP //-->

<PRE>

\documentclass{article}

\begin{document}

What a small document this is.

\end{document}

</PRE>

<!-- END CODE SNIP //-->

<P>To process this document (which you will edit in a file called <TT>gloves.tex</TT>), use the following command:</P>

<!-- CODE SNIP //-->

<PRE>

% latex gloves

</PRE>

<!-- END CODE SNIP //-->

<P>This produces a dvi file and a log file in the same manner used by <TT>TeX</TT>. The dvi file can either be converted to PostScript, or viewed directly using <TT>xdvi</TT>.</P>

<P>You can specify options with the type of document in the <TT>\documentclass</TT> command using the following format:</P>

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<PRE>

\documentclass[<I>option</I>]{<I>document class</I>}

</PRE>

<!-- END CODE SNIP //-->

<P>These options relate to the physical structure of the document. Some of the more common ones are listed in Table 19.3.

</P>

<TABLE WIDTH="100%"><CAPTION ALIGN=LEFT><B>Table 19.3.</B>  <TT>\documentclass</TT> options.

<TR>

<TH COLSPAN="2"><HR>

<TR>

<TH WIDTH="45%" ALIGN="LEFT">Option

<TH WIDTH="55%" ALIGN="LEFT">Description

<TR>

<TD COLSPAN="2"><HR>

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><TT>10pt</TT>, <TT>11pt</TT>, <TT>12pt</TT>

<TD>The default font for the document, which is <TT>10pt</TT>if not otherwise stated.

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><TT>fleqn</TT>

<TD>Displays formulas as left-justified instead of centered.

<TR>

<TD><TT>leqno</TT>

<TD>Numbers formulas on the left side.

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><TT>letterpaper</TT>, <TT>a4 paper</TT>

<TD>The paper size, which is <TT>letterpaper</TT> by default.

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><TT>openright</TT>, <TT>openany</TT>

<TD>Starts the first page of a chapter on the right side, or on the next available page.

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><TT>titlepage</TT>, <TT>notitlepage</TT>

<TD>Does or does not start a new page after the title.

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><TT>twocolumn</TT>

<TD>Splits each page into two columns (useful for newsletters).

<TR>

<TD><TT>twoside</TT>, <TT>oneside</TT>

<TD>Generates double- or single-sided output.

<TR>

<TD COLSPAN="2"><HR>

</TABLE>

<P>Some of the differences between document classes are encapsulated by the defaults that they use for the options mentioned. For instance, articles and reports are single-sided by default, whereas books are not. Articles do not use the options for title pages and starting right-sided chapters because they do not understand what a chapter is. Thus, the document classes in <TT>LaTeX</TT> are smart enough to do the kind of layout that you expect for the type of document you need.</P>

<H4 ALIGN="LEFT"><A NAME="Heading14"></A><FONT COLOR="#000077">Packages</FONT></H4>

<P><TT>LaTeX</TT> also has the <TT>\usepackage</TT> command, which enables you to extend the capabilities of <TT>LaTeX</TT> even further by using an external <I>package</I> of features. The format is as follows:</P>

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<PRE>

\usepackage{<I>package name</I>}

</PRE>

<!-- END CODE SNIP //-->

<P><I>package name</I> can be any of several available packages. For instance, the <TT>doc</TT> package is used for the documentation of <TT>LaTeX</TT> programs, and the <TT>makeidx</TT> package provides support for the production of indexes.</P>

<P>You can also control what page styles <TT>LaTeX</TT> applies to your document by using the <TT>\pagestyle</TT> command. Table 19.4 describes the basic page styles available.</P>

<TABLE WIDTH="100%"><CAPTION ALIGN=LEFT><B>Table 19.4.</B>  Page styles.

<TR>

<TH COLSPAN="2"><HR>

<TR>

<TH WIDTH="20%" ALIGN="LEFT">Style

<TH WIDTH="80%" ALIGN="LEFT">Description

<TR>

<TH COLSPAN="2"><HR>

<TR>

<TD><TT>empty</TT>

<TD>Sets the header and footers to be empty.

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><TT>headings</TT>

<TD>Prints the current chapter heading and page number on each page with an empty footer.

<TR>

<TD><TT>plain</TT>

<TD>Prints the page number centered in the footer (the default page style).

<TR>

<TD COLSPAN="2"><HR>

</TABLE>

<P>You can also vary page styles in your document using the <TT>\thispagestyle</TT> command. This applies the supplied page style to the current page only.</P>

<H4 ALIGN="LEFT"><A NAME="Heading15"></A><FONT COLOR="#000077">Using Special Characters</FONT></H4>

<P><TT>LaTeX</TT> supports the use of international characters, such as umlauts (<SUP>..</SUP>) and circumflexes (^). These characters are generated using a command variant on the letter itself. For example, the text</P>

<!-- CODE SNIP //-->

<PRE>

What a na\&#148;\i ve fj\o rd you are!

</PRE>

<!-- END CODE SNIP //-->

<P>produces the following:

</P>

<P>What a na&#239;ve fj&#246;rd you are!</P>

<P>International spacing can also be applied using the <TT>\frenchspacing</TT> command. This command tells <TT>LaTeX</TT> not to insert the usual extra space after a period.</P><P><BR></P>

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