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<A NAME="PAGENUM-633"><P>Page 633</P></A>
<H3>
APPENDIX D<BR>
</H3>
<H2>
Glossary
</H2>
<P>
<B>by David B. Horvath</B>
</P>
<A NAME="PAGENUM-634"><P>Page 634</P></A>
<P>This is a fairly extensive glossary of terms that are related to the UNIX environment and
their definitions. All the authors of this book contributed to this section.
</P>
<TABLE BGCOLOR="#FFFF99">
<TR><TD><B>
NOTE
</B></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
The language of the computer field is constantly expanding. If you cannot find a word
in this glossary, it is because it is newer than anything the authors knew about or the
authors decided is was so obvious that "everyone should already know it."
</BLOCKQUOTE></TD></TR>
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<PRE>
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#—Octothorpe.
$HOME—Environment variable that points to your login directory.
$PATH—Pathname environment variable.
$PATH—The shell environment variable that contains a set of directories to be searched for
UNIX commands.
.1—Files with this extension contain manual page entries. The actual extension can be
any value between 1 and 9 and can have an alphabetic suffix
(.3x, .7, and so on).
.ag—Applixware graphics file.
.as—Applixware spreadsheet file.
.aw—Applixware word processing file.
.bmp—Bitmap graphics file.
.c—C source file.
.C—C++ source file.
.cc—C++ source file.
.conf—Configuration file.
.cxx—C++ source file.
.db—Database file.
.dvi—Device-independent TeX output.
.gif—GIF graphics file.
.gz—File compressed using the GNU gzip utility.
.h—C header file.
.html—HTML document.
</PRE>
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<A NAME="PAGENUM-635"><P>Page 635</P></A>
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<PRE>
.jpg—JPEG graphics file.
.m—Objective C source file.
.o—Compiled object file.
.p—Pascal language source file.
.pbm—Portable bitmap graphics file.
.pdf—Adobe Acrobat file.
.ps—PostScript file
.s—Assembler language file.
.tar—tar file.
.tgz—Gzipped tar file.
.tif—TIFF graphics file.
.txt—Text document.
.Z—File compressed using the compress command.
/—Root directory.
/dev—Device directory.
</PRE>
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<P>/dev/null file—The place to send output that you are not interested in seeing; also the
place to get input from when you have none (but the program or command requires
something). This is also known as the bit bucket (where old bits go to die).
<P>/dev/printer—Socket for local print requests.
<P>/etc/cshrc file—The file containing shell environment characteristics common to all users
that use the C Shell.
<P>/etc/group file—This file contains information about groups, the users they contain, and
passwords required for access by other users. The password might actually be in another file,
the shadow group file, to protect it from attacks.
<P>/etc/inittab file—The file that contains a list of active terminal ports for which UNIX
will issue the login prompt. This also contains a list of background processes for UNIX to
initialize. Some versions of UNIX use other files, such as
/etc/tty.
<P>/etc/motd file—Message of the day file; usually contains information the system
administrator feels is important for you to know. This file is displayed when the user signs on the system.
<P>/etc/passwd file—Contains user information and password. The password might actually
be in another file, the shadow password file, to protect it from attacks.
</P>
<A NAME="PAGENUM-636"><P>Page 636</P></A>
<P>/etc/profile—The file containing shell environment characteristics common to all users
of the Bourne and Korn shells.
<P>/usr/local—Locally developed public executables directory.
<P>/var/spool—Various spool directories.
<P>[]—Brackets.
<P>{}—Braces.
<P>ANSI—American National Standards Institute.
<P>API—Application Program Interface. The specific method prescribed by a computer
operating system, application, or third-party tool by which a programmer writing an
application program can make requests of the operating system. Also known as Application
Programmer's Interface.
<P>ar—Archive utility.
<P>arguments—See parameters.
<P>ARPA—See DARPA.
<P>ASCII—American Standard Code for Information
Interchange. Used to represent characters in memory for most computers.
<P>AT&T UNIX—Original version of UNIX developed at AT&T Bell Labs, later known as
UNIX Systems Laboratories. Many current versions of UNIX are descendants; even BSD UNIX
was derived from early AT&T UNIX.
<P>attribute—The means of describing objects. The attributes for a ball might be rubber, red,
3 cm in diameter. The behavior of the ball might be how high it bounces when thrown.
Attribute is another name for the data contained within an object (class).
<P>awk—Programming language developed by A.V. Aho, P.J. Weinberger, and Brian W.
Kernighan. The language is built on C syntax, includes the regular expression search facilities of
grep, and adds in the advanced string and array handling features that are missing from the C
language. nawk, gawk, and POSIX awk are versions of this language.
<P>background—Processes usually running at a lower priority and with their input
disconnected from the interactive session. Any input and output are usually directed to a file or other <BR>
process.
<P>background process—An autonomous process that runs under UNIX without requiring
user interaction.
<P>backup—The process of storing the UNIX system, applications, and data files on
removable media for future retrieval.
</P>
<A NAME="PAGENUM-637"><P>Page 637</P></A>
<P>bash—Stands for GNU Bourne Again Shell and is based on the Bourne shell,
sh, the original command interpreter.
<P>biff—Background mail notification utility.
<P>bison—GNU parser generator (yacc replacement).
<P>block-special—A device file that is used to communicate with a block-oriented I/O
device. Disk and tape drives are examples of block devices. The block-special file refers to the
entire device. You should not use this file unless you want to ignore the directory structure of
the device (that is, if you are coding a device driver).
<P>boot or boot up—The process of starting the operating system (UNIX).
<P>Bourne shell—The original standard user interface to UNIX that supported limited
programming capability.
<P>BSD—Berkeley Software Distribution.
<P>BSD UNIX—Version of UNIX developed by Berkeley Software Distribution and written
at University of California, Berkeley.
<P>bug—An undocumented program feature.
<P>C—Programming language developed by Brian W. Kernighan and Dennis M. Ritchie. The
C language is highly portable and available on many platforms including mainframes, PCs,
and, of course, UNIX systems.
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