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<!-- ISBN=0672311739 //-->
<!-- TITLE=RED HAT LINUX 2ND EDITION //-->
<!-- AUTHOR=DAVID PITTS ET AL //-->
<!-- PUBLISHER=MACMILLAN //-->
<!-- IMPRINT=SAMS PUBLISHING //-->
<!-- PUBLICATION DATE=1998 //-->
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<P><CENTER>
<a href="ewtoc.html">Table of Contents</A>
</CENTER></P>
<H2>
Introduction
</H2>
<P>I don't know how many times I have been asked what Red Hat is. When I say that it is a
distribution of Linux, people tend to know what I am talking about. (At least the people I
hang around with do!) The follow-up question is usually something like, "Okay, if it is a
distribution of Linux, why should I use it, and not Linux itself?" This introduction should start
to answer that question. Red Hat also answers the question on its Web page
<a href="http://www.redhat.com">(http://www.redhat.com)</A>, which is summarized in this introduction.
</P>
<P>Linux is a full-fledged operating system. It provides full multitasking in a multiuser
environment. It gives a high quality of software for a cost far lower than other commercial versions
of UNIX. Red Hat has opted to take Linux a step further.
</P>
<P>Red Hat Software is a computer software development company that sells products and
provides services related to Linux. Red Hat's mission is to "provide professional tools to
computing professionals." Red Hat provides these professional tools by doing the following:
</P>
<UL>
<LI> Building tools, which Red Hat releases as freely redistributable software available
for unrestricted download off of thousands of sites on the Internet
<LI> Publishing books and software applications
<LI> Manufacturing shrink-wrapped software, versions of the Linux OS, making
Linux accessible to the broadest possible range of computer users
<LI> Providing technical support
</UL>
<P>Red Hat's customer-oriented business focus forces it to recognize that the primary benefits
of the Linux OS are not any of the particular advanced and reliable features for which it is
famous. The primary benefit is the availability of complete source code and its "freely
distributable" GPL license. This gives any user the ability to modify the technology to his or her
needs and to contribute to the on-going development of the technology to the benefit of all the
users, providing benefits such as security and reliability that commercially restricted,
binary-only operating systems simply cannot match.
</P>
<P>Linux, like UNIX itself, is a very modular operating system. The skills required to select,
compile, link, and install the various components that are needed for a complete Linux OS are
beyond the experience of most people who might want to use Linux. The various Linux
distributions go a long way towards solving this for the average Linux user, but most don't address the
problem of how to upgrade your Linux system once you get it successfully installed. Most
users found it easier to delete their whole Linux system and reinstall from scratch when they
needed to upgrade.
</P>
<A NAME="PAGENUM-24"><P>Page 24</P></A>
<P>The Red Hat distribution makes Linux easier to install and maintain by providing the
user with advanced package management, graphical (point and click!) system installation and
control, and system administration tools.
</P>
<P>Probably the best feature of Linux, the GNU utilities in general, and Red Hat Linux in
particular is that they are distributable under the terms of the GNU Public License (GPL).
This feature has allowed research institutions, universities, commercial enterprises, and hackers
to develop and use Red Hat Linux and related technologies cooperatively without fear that
their work would someday be controlled and restricted by a commercial vendor.
</P>
<P>The huge development effort and wide distribution of the Linux OS will ensure that it takes
its place as a real, viable, and significant alternative to commercially restricted operating
systems. The open development model, availability of source, and lack of license restrictions are
features of the Linux OS that commercial OS developers simply cannot offer. Software
development groups that need this model include groups from government-affiliated research
organizations, to academic research and teaching projects, to commercial software application
developers.
</P>
<P>The recent rapid increase in new applications becoming available for Linux and the
rapidly growing user base of these technologies are causing even the largest computer industry
organizations to take Linux seriously. Even Datapro (a McGraw-Hill Company) in its recent
1996 survey of the UNIX industry concluded that, "Programmers are taking a hard look at the
viability of Linux on production platforms now that Linux costs less than Microsoft and has
the added benefits of UNIX, such as great performance, inherent power tool sets, and
communication capabilities."
</P>
<P>It was said once that over half of the Web servers used around the world are run on Red
Hat Linux. Although I cannot deny or substantiate this claim, it does show how rapidly Red Hat
is taking on the commercial operating systems and succeeding. With the purchase of this
book, you are taking the first step necessary to take back control of your computing system from
the corporate giants. There is an exciting future for Linux, and we are glad that you are now a
part of it!
</P>
<H3><A NAME="1739_ 88">Conventions Used in This Book
</A></H3>
<P>The following conventions are used in this book:
</P>
<UL>
<LI> Code lines, commands, statements, variables, and any text you type or see on
the screen appears in a computer typeface.
<LI> Placeholders in syntax descriptions appear in an
italic computer typeface. Replace the placeholder with the actual filename, parameter, or whatever element it represents.
<LI> Italics highlight technical terms when they first appear in the text and are
being defined.
</UL>
<A NAME="PAGENUM-25"><P>Page 25</P></A>
<UL>
<LI> A special icon  is used before a line of code that is really a continuation of
the preceding line. Sometimes a line of code is too long to fit as a single line in the
book, given the book's limited width. If you see
 before a line of code, remember that you should interpret that "line" as part of the line immediately before it.
</UL>
<A NAME="PAGENUM-3"><P>Page 3</P></A>
<H3>
Overview
</H3>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<B>Introductionxxiii</B>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<H6><A NAME="1739_ 89"> Part I Introduction and Installation of Linux</A></H6>
<OL>
<LI> Introduction to Red Hat Linux and UNIX3
<LI> Installation of Your Red Hat System11
<LI> LILO 27
</OL>
<H6><A NAME="1739_ 90"> Part II Configuring Other Servers
</A></H6>
<OL START=4>
<LI> System Startup and Shutdown 37
<LI> Configuring and Building Kernels 53
<LI> Common Desktop Environment 75
<LI> SMTP and POP 97
<LI> FTP 131
<LI> Apache Server 153
<LI> X Window 175
</OL>
<H6><A NAME="1739_ 91"> Part III Hardware Connectivity and Devices
</A></H6>
<OL START=11>
<LI> Filesystems, Disks, and Other Devices 195
<LI> Printing with Linux 229
<LI> TCP/IP Network Management 243
</OL>
<H6><A NAME="1739_ 92"> Part IV System Administration and Management
</A></H6>
<OL START=14>
<LI> Getting Started with Red Hat Linux 299
<LI> Essential System Administration 319
<LI> Advanced System Administration 341
<LI> GNU Project Utilities 351
<LI> Backup and Restore 373
</OL>
<H6><A NAME="1739_ 93"> Part V Dealing with Others
</A></H6>
<OL START=19>
<LI> User Accounts and Logins 383
<LI> System Security 395
<LI> Shell Programming 411
</OL>
<A NAME="PAGENUM-4"><P>Page 4</P></A>
<H6><A NAME="1739_ 94"> Part VI Automation, Programming, and Modifying Source Code
</A></H6>
<OL START=22>
<LI> Automating Tasks 437
<LI> C and C++ Programming 455
<LI> Perl Programming 487
<LI> tcl and tk Programming 499
<LI> Motif Programming 529
<LI> gawk Programming 545
<LI> Network Programming 583
</OL>
<H6><A NAME="1739_ 95"> Part VII Appendixes
</A></H6>
<OL>
A The Linux Documentation Project 607<BR>
B Top 50 Linux Commands and Utilities 611<BR>
C The Linux Documentation Project Copyright License 629<BR>
D Glossary 633<BR>
E What's on the CD-ROM 653<BR>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
Index 655
</BLOCKQUOTE>
</OL>
<A NAME="PAGENUM-26"><P>Page 26</P></A>
<H2>
Contents
</H2>
<P> Introductionxxiii
</P>
<H6><A NAME="1739_ 96"> Part I Introduction and Installation of Linux
</A></H6>
<OL>
<LI> Introduction to Red Hat Linux and UNIX 3
</OL>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
Advantages of Linux 5<BR>
Copyright and Warranty 7<BR>
Where to Get Red Hat Linux 7<BR>
System Requirements 7<BR>
System Requirements—Intel 8<BR>
System Requirements—SPARC 8<BR>
System Requirements—Alpha 8<BR>
Summary 9<BR>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<OL START=2>
<LI> Installation of Your Red Hat System
</OL>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
Be Prepared, Be Very Prepared! 12<BR>
Installing Red Hat Linux 13<BR>
Creating the Boot and Supplemental Disks 13<BR>
Installing Without Using a Boot Floppy 14<BR>
Virtual Consoles 14<BR>
Dialog Boxes 14<BR>
Step-by-Step Installation 15<BR>
Booting 15<BR>
The Installation Program 15<BR>
Selecting an Installation Method 17<BR>
CD-ROM Installation 17<BR>
The Red Hat Package Manager 25<BR>
RPM Usage 25<BR>
Summary 26<BR>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<OL START=3>
<LI> LILO27
</OL>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
Installing and Configuring LILO 28<BR>
Configuring LILO 29<BR>
Using LOADLIN.EXE to Boot Linux 33<BR>
How to Uninstall LILO 33<BR>
Summary 33<BR>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<H6><A NAME="1739_ 97"> Part II Configuring Other Servers
</A></H6>
<OL START=4>
<LI> System Startup and Shutdown 37
</OL>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
The Boot Process 38
The Initialization Process and Startup Scripts 38
init and /etc/inittab 39<BR>
/etc/inittab and System States 40<BR>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<A NAME="PAGENUM-6"><P>Page 6</P></A>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
tksysv and Managing Your Services 43<BR>
Shutting Down the Linux System 44<BR>
shutdown 44<BR>
halt and reboot 45<BR>
When the System Crashes 46<BR>
Running as Root 47<BR>
Creating a Boot Disk 47<BR>
Your File Toolbox 48<BR>
Red Hat to the Rescue! When the System Won't Boot 49<BR>
For More Information 50<BR>
Summary 51<BR>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<OL START=5>
<LI> Configuring and Building Kernels 53
</OL>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
An Introduction to the Linux Kernel 54<BR>
Acquiring the Source Tree 55<BR>
Patching the Source Tree 57<BR>
Modules 57<BR>
Configuring the Linux Kernel 58<BR>
Starting the Configuration 58<BR>
Stepping Through the Menus 59<BR>
Final Notes About Configuration 70<BR>
Building the Kernel 70<BR>
Installing the Kernel 72<BR>
Recovering from Faulty Kernels 73<BR>
Summary 73
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<OL START=6>
<LI> Common Desktop Environment 75
</OL>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
Installation 76<BR>
Getting Started with the CDE 77<BR>
Logging in to the CDE 77<BR>
The Desktop Environment 78<BR>
Customizing Your Session 81<BR>
The Style Manager 81<BR>
The Front Panel 82<BR>
Advanced Customizations 84<BR>
Creating New Actions 87<BR>
Creating and Modifying Subpanels 90<BR>
Restoring a Session When Something Goes Wrong 91<BR>
Executing Applications and Commands at Login 92<BR>
Executing Commands at Logout 93<BR>
The Help Viewer 93<BR>
Using the Help Viewer 93<BR>
Context-Sensitive Help 93
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