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<!--ISBN=1558285423//-->

<!--TITLE=Linux in Plain English//-->

<!--AUTHOR=Patrick Volkerding//-->

<!--AUTHOR=Kevin Reichard//-->

<!--PUBLISHER=IDG Books Worldwide, Inc.//-->

<!--IMPRINT=M & T Books//-->

<!--CHAPTER=2//-->

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<P><BR></P>

<H2><A NAME="Heading1"></A><FONT COLOR="#000077">Chapter 2<BR>Linux in Plain English

</FONT></H2>

<P>Human beings don&#146;t think in computerese, which is why we need a reference work like this one. Commands tend to be rather obscure, and their purpose isn&#146;t always apparent. To further your Linux efforts, we&#146;ve compiled this listing of commands and organized them by keyword and function. You can look up an italicized keyword in the left column&#151;say, <I>print</I>&#151;and see which Linux commands help perform that task. Then go to Chapter 5 for a complete explanation of the command.</P>

<TABLE WIDTH="100%"><TR>

<TH WIDTH="50%" ALIGN="LEFT">If you want to...

<TH WIDTH="50%" ALIGN="LEFT">Use the Linux command...

<TR>

<TD>control server <I>access</I>

<TD><B>xhost</B>

<TR>

<TD><I>append</I> files

<TD><B>cat</B>

<TR>

<TD>know your machine <I>architecture</I>

<TD><B>arch</B>

<TR>

<TD>create <I>archive</I>

<TD><B>cpio, tar</B>

<TR>

<TD>work with <I>archives</I>

<TD><B>ar</B>

<TR>

<TD>convert <I>ASCII</I> to bitmap

<TD><B>atobm</B>

<TR>

<TD>convert bitmap to <I>ASCII</I>

<TD><B>bmtoa</B>

<TR>

<TD>print <I>at</I> specific time

<TD><B>atq</B>

<TR>

<TD>run command <I>at</I> specific time

<TD><B>at</B>

<TR>

<TD>list <I>atoms</I>

<TD><B>xlsatoms</B>

<TR>

<TD>manage <I>authorization</I> information

<TD><B>xauth</B>

<TR>

<TD>set <I>background</I> attributes

<TD><B>xsetroot</B>

<TR>

<TD>set <I>background</I> image

<TD><B>xpmroot</B>

<TR>

<TD>print a <I>banner</I>

<TD><B>banner</B>

<TR>

<TD>display file <I>basename</I>

<TD><B>basename</B>

<TR>

<TD>run <I>batch</I> commands

<TD><B>batch</B>

<TR>

<TD>display <I>beginning</I> of file

<TD><B>head</B>

<TR>

<TD>display <I>end</I> of file

<TD><B>tail</B>

<TR>

<TD>convert ASCII to <I>bitmap</I>

<TD><B>atobm</B>

<TR>

<TD>convert <I>bitmap</I> to ASCII

<TD><B>bmtoa</B>

<TR>

<TD>view and edit <I>bitmaps</I>

<TD><B>bitmap</B>

<TR>

<TD>compile <I>C</I> programs

<TD><B>gcc</B>

<TR>

<TD>compile <I>C&#43;&#43;</I> programs

<TD><B>gcc, g&#43;&#43;</B>

<TR>

<TD>perform <I>calculations</I>

<TD><B>bc, pname, xcalc</B>

<TR>

<TD>view a <I>calendar</I>

<TD><B>cal</B>

<TR>

<TD><I>clear</I> your screen

<TD><B>clear</B>

<TR>

<TD>list running <I>clients</I>

<TD><B>xlsclients</B>

<TR>

<TD>display contents of <I>clipboard</I>

<TD><B>xclipboard</B>

<TR>

<TD>display a <I>clock</I>

<TD><B>oclock, xclock</B>

<TR>

<TD>show <I>color database</I>

<TD><B>showrgb</B>

<TR>

<TD>display <I>colormap</I>

<TD><B>xcmap</B>

<TR>

<TD>set <I>colormap</I> properties

<TD><B>xstdcmap</B>

<TR>

<TD>cut <I>column</I>

<TD><B>cut</B>

<TR>

<TD>create <I>columns</I>

<TD><B>column</B>

<TR>

<TD><I>combine</I> files

<TD><B>cat, join</B>

<TR>

<TD>run <I>command</I> at specific time

<TD><B>at</B>

<TR>

<TD>build <I>command lines</I>

<TD><B>xargs</B>

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><I>compare</I> files

<TD><B>cmp, diff, diff3, sdiff, zcmp, zdiff</B></B>

<TR>

<TD>

<TD>

<TR>

<TD><I>compare</I> compressed files

<TD><B>zcmp, zdiff</B>

<TR>

<TD><I>compare</I> sorted files

<TD><B>comm</B>

<TR>

<TD><I>compare</I> text files

<TD><B>diff, diff3, sdiff</B>

<TR>

<TD><I>compare</I> three text files

<TD><B>diff3</B>

<TR>

<TD><I>compile</I> C programs

<TD><B>gcc</B>

<TR>

<TD><I>compile</I> C&#43;&#43; programs

<TD><B>gcc, g&#43;&#43;</B>

<TR>

<TD><I>compile</I> Fortran programs

<TD><B>g77</B>

<TR>

<TD><I>compress</I> executable file

<TD><B>gzexe</B>

<TR>

<TD><I>compress</I> file

<TD><B>gzip, znew</B>

<TR>

<TD><I>connect</I> to another computer

<TD><B>minicom, seyon</B>

<TR>

<TD><I>copy</I> files

<TD><B>cp, cat</B>

<TR>

<TD><I>count</I> words

<TD><B>wc</B>

<TR>

<TD>return the <I>current</I> date

<TD><B>date</B>

<TR>

<TD>change the <I>date</I> on your system

<TD><B>date</B>

<TR>

<TD><I>decode</I> file

<TD><B>uudecode</B>

<TR>

<TD><I>delete</I> files

<TD><B>rm</B>

<TR>

<TD><I>delete</I> directories

<TD><B>rmdir</B>

<TR>

<TD>change <I>directory</I>

<TD><B>cd</B>

<TR>

<TD>make <I>directory</I>

<TD><B>mkdir</B>

<TR>

<TD>print current <I>directory</I>

<TD><B>pwd</B>

<TR>

<TD>list <I>disk</I> free space

<TD><B>df</B>

<TR>

<TD>lock <I>display</I>

<TD><B>xlock</B>

<TR>

<TD>view <I>display</I> information

<TD><B>xdpyinfo</B>

<TR>

<TD>query <I>DNS</I> server

<TD><B>dnsquery</B>

<TR>

<TD>show <I>domain name</I>

<TD><B>dnshostname</B>

<TR>

<TD><I>echo</I> input

<TD><B>echo</B>

<TR>

<TD><I>edit</I> text file

<TD><B>elvis, emacs, vi, vim, xedit</B>

<TR>

<TD>create <I>electronic mail</I>

<TD><B>elm, mail, metasend, pine</B>

<TR>

<TD>encode <I>electronic mail</I>

<TD><B>mimencode, mmencode</B>

<TR>

<TD>format <I>electronic mail</I>

<TD><B>formail</B>

<TR>

<TD>notify of incoming <I>electronic mail</I>

<TD><B>biff, xbiff, wnewmail</B>

<TR>

<TD>create multimedia <I>electronic mail</I>

<TD><B>metasend</B>

<TR>

<TD>print <I>electronic mail</I>

<TD><B>printmail</B>

<TR>

<TD>read <I>electronic mail</I>

<TD><B>elm, mail, pine, readmsg</B>

<TR>

<TD>reply via <I>electronic mail</I>

<TD><B>Rnmail</B>

<TR>

<TD>retrieve <I>electronic mail</I> via POP

<TD><B>popclient</B>

<TR>

<TD>send batches of <I>electronic mail</I>

<TD><B>fastmail</B>

<TR>

<TD>split MIME <I>electronic mail</I>

<TD><B>splitmail</B>

<TR>

<TD>launch <I>electronic-mail</I> server

<TD><B>imapd, sendmail</B>

<TR>

<TD><I>encode</I> file

<TD><B>uuencode</B>

<TR>

<TD>return <I>environment</I> variables

<TD><B>printenv</B>

<TR>

<TD>set <I>environment</I> variables

<TD><B>env</B>

<TR>

<TD>view <I>event</I> information

<TD><B>xev</B>

<TR>

<TD>make <I>FIFO</I>

<TD><B>mkfifo</B>

<TR>

<TD>check <I>files</I>

<TD><B>cksum</B>

<TR>

<TD><I>find files</I>

<TD><B>find</B>

<TR>

<TD>change <I>finger</I> information

<TD><B>chfn</B>

<TR>

<TD>return <I>finger</I> information

<TD><B>finger</B>

<TR>

<TD>launch <I>font</I> server

<TD><B>xfs</B>

<TR>

<TD>view <I>font server</I> information

<TD><B>fsinfo</B>

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP">list <I>fonts</I>

<TD><B>fslsfonts, showfont, xfd,</B> <B>Xfontsel, xlsfonts</B>

<TR>

<TD><I>format</I> file

<TD><B>fmt, groff</B>

<TR>

<TD><I>format</I> floppy disk

<TD><B>fdformat</B>

<TR>

<TD>compile <I>Fortran</I> programs

<TD><B>g77</B>

<TR>

<TD>generate <I>fractals</I>

<TD><B>xfractint</B>

<TR>

<TD>launch <I>FTP</I> server

<TD><B>ftpd</B>

<TR>

<TD>edit <I>graphics</I>

<TD><B>xv</B>

<TR>

<TD>change <I>group</I>

<TD><B>chgrp, newgrp</B>

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP">view online <I>help</I>

<TD><B>apropos, info, man, whatis, Xman</B>

<TR>

<TD>return <I>host</I> information

<TD><B>host</B>

<TR>

<TD>set <I>hostname</I>

<TD><B>hostname</B>

<TR>

<TD>view <I>keyboard</I> information

<TD><B>dumpkeys, kdb_mode</B>

<TR>

<TD>modify <I>keymaps</I>

<TD><B>xmodmap</B>

<TR>

<TD>save <I>keystrokes to</I> file

<TD><B>script</B>

<TR>

<TD>view <I>keyword</I> information

<TD><B>whatis</B>

<TR>

<TD>edit <I>images</I>

<TD><B>xv</B>

<TR>

<TD>launch <I>IMAP</I> mail server

<TD><B>imapd</B>

<TR>

<TD>launch <I>Internet</I> server

<TD><B>inetd</B>

<TR>

<TD><I>join</I> sorted files

<TD><B>join</B>

<TR>

<TD><I>link</I> files

<TD><B>ln</B>

<TR>

<TD><I>list</I> files

<TD><B>dir, ls</B>

<TR>

<TD><I>lock</I> display

<TD><B>xlock</B>

<TR>

<TD><I>login</I> remotely

<TD><B>rlogin</B>

<TR>

<TD><I>login</I> system

<TD><B>login</B>

<TR>

<TD>view <I>login name</I>

<TD><B>logname</B>

<TR>

<TD>create electronic <I>mail</I>

<TD><B>elm, mail, metasend, pine</B>

<TR>
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