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<TITLE>Linux in Plain English:Linux Commands Organized by Group</TITLE>

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<!--ISBN=1558285423//-->

<!--TITLE=Linux in Plain English//-->

<!--AUTHOR=Patrick Volkerding//-->

<!--AUTHOR=Kevin Reichard//-->

<!--PUBLISHER=IDG Books Worldwide, Inc.//-->

<!--IMPRINT=M & T Books//-->

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<TD><A HREF="071-079.html">Previous</A></TD>

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<TD><A HREF="087-094.html">Next</A></TD>

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<P><BR></P>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>OPTIONS</I></B></FONT></P>

<TABLE WIDTH="100%">

<TR>

<TD WIDTH="30%" VALIGN="TOP"><B>-all</B>

<TD WIDTH="70%">Returns information for all known widgets and objects.

<TR>

<TD><B>-nosuper</B>

<TD>Ignores resources inherited from a superclass.

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>-variable</B>

<TD>Identifies widgets by the names of the class-record variables, not the class name.

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>-top <I>name</I></B>

<TD>Specifies the <I>name</I> of the widget to be treated as the top of the hierarchy.

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>-format <I>printf-string</I></B>

<TD>Specifies the <I>printf</I>-style format string to print out the name, instance, class, and type of each resource.

</TABLE>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B>login......<TT>Log In System</TT></B></FONT></P>

<P><B>login</B> <I>username option</I></P>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>PURPOSE</I></B></FONT></P>

<P>The <B>login</B> command is used to log in a Linux system. If you don&#146;t specify a <I>username</I> on the command line, the <B>login</B> command will prompt for one.</P>

<P>The command performs some administrative acts, such as setting the UID and the GID of the tty, as well as notifying the user if any mail is waiting. A root user can set up the <B>login</B> command to perform some basic authentication (see the manual pages for more information). In addition, the <B>login</B> command can be used to specify where a root user can log in; the list of <B>tty</B>s is at <B>/etc/securetty</B> and is checked by <B>login</B>. Additional security restrictions can be stored in <B>/etc/usertty</B>.</P>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>OPTIONS</I></B></FONT></P>

<TABLE WIDTH="100%">

<TR>

<TD WIDTH="20%" VALIGN="TOP"><B>-f</B>

<TD WIDTH="80%">Skips a second login authentication; doesn&#146;t work properly under Linux.

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>-h <I>host</I></B>

<TD>Passes the name of a remote <I>host</I> to <B>login</B>; used by servers and set by the superuser.

<TR>

<TD><B>-p</B>

<TD>Preserves the previous environment used by <B>getty.</B>

</TABLE>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B>logname......<TT>Prints Login Name</TT></B></FONT></P>

<IMG SRC="images/05-11i.jpg"><P><B>logname</B> <I>option(s)</I></P>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>PURPOSE</I></B></FONT></P>

<P>The <B>logname</B> command returns the login name of the calling process, as found in the file <B>/etc/utmp</B>. If no logname is found, an error message is generated.</P>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>OPTIONS</I></B></FONT></P>

<TABLE WIDTH="100%">

<TR>

<TD WIDTH="20%"><B>--help</B>

<TD WIDTH="80%">Prints a short help message, then exits.

<TR>

<TD><B>--version</B>

<TD>Prints a version number, then exits.

</TABLE>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B>makewhatis......<TT>Make Whatis</TT></B></FONT></P>

<P><B>makewhatis</B> <I>option(s) manpath</I></P>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>PURPOSE</I></B></FONT></P>

<P>The <B>makewhatis</B> command builds and updates the <B>whatis</B> database used by the <B>whatis</B> and <B>apropos</B> databases. <B>Perl</B> must be installed for this to work.</P>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>OPTIONS</I></B></FONT></P>

<TABLE WIDTH="100%">

<TR>

<TD WIDTH="20%" VALIGN="TOP"><B>-u</B>

<TD WIDTH="80%">Updates the database with only newer manual pages only. The default is to completely rebuild the database.

<TR>

<TD><B>-w</B>

<TD>Returns the <B>manpath</B>.

</TABLE>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>RELATED COMMANDS</I></B></FONT></P>

<DL>

<DD><B>apropos

<DD>man

<DD>xman</B>

</DL>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B>man......<TT>Online Manual Page</TT></B></FONT></P>

<P><B>man</B> <I>option(s) section title</I></P>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>PURPOSE</I></B></FONT></P>

<P>The <B>man</B> command formats and displays pages from the online manual pages. These pages are the official documentation of the Linux and UNIX operating systems and come in a strict format. These are useful when seeking out obscure options and obscure commands.</P>

<P>Normally, you must match a specific command with the <B>man</B> command. However, you can begin searching in sections and narrow your search that way.</P>

<P>The <B>man</B> command will ask you if you want to save formatted pages. Saving them will save time if you revisit the <B>man</B> pages.</P>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>OPTIONS</I></B></FONT></P>

<TABLE WIDTH="100%">

<TR>

<TD WIDTH="30%" VALIGN="TOP"><B>-a</B>

<TD WIDTH="70%">Displays all manual pages matching <I>title</I>, not just the first.

<TR>

<TD><B>-c</B>

<TD>Reformats a <B>man</B> page, even if a formatted page exists.

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>-C <I>config_file</I></B>

<TD>Specifies the <B>man.config</B> file to use; default is <B>/usr/lib/man.config</B>.

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>-d</B>

<TD>Displays debugging information and not the actual <B>man</B> page.

<TR>

<TD><B>-D</B>

<TD>Displays debugging information and the <B>man</B> page.

<TR>

<TD><B>-f</B>

<TD>Calls a summary a la the <B>whatis</B> command.

<TR>

<TD><B>-h</B>

<TD>Prints a one-line summary of the <B>man</B> command.

<TR>

<TD><B>-k</B>

<TD>Same as the <B>apropos</B> command.

<TR>

<TD><B>-m <I>system</I></B>

<TD>Searches for <B>man</B> pages at <B><I>system</I></B>.

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>-M <I>path</I></B>

<TD>Specifies the <I>path</I> to use when searching for <B>man</B> pages. By default, the environment variable MANPATH is used. If this is not set, the list is looked for at <B>/usr/lib/man.config</B>.

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>-p <I>string</I></B>

<TD>Specifies preprocessors to run before <B>nroff</B> or <B>troff</B>. Not very applicable to Linux.

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>-P pager</B>

<TD>Specifies the pager to use; the default is <B>/usr/bin/less -is</B>.

<TR>

<TD><B>-S <I>section_list</I></B>

<TD>Specifies the <I>section_list</I> to search.

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>-t</B>

<TD>Uses <B>/usr/bin/groff -Tps -mandoc</B> to format the <B>man</B> page.

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>-w</B>

<TD>Displays the locations of the <B>man</B> pages, not the actual pages.

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>-W</B>

<TD>Displays the locations of the <B>man</B> pages, not the actual pages, with one filename per line.

</TABLE>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>RELATED COMMANDS</I></B></FONT></P>

<DL>

<DD><B>apropos

<DD>manpath

<DD>whatis

<DD>xman</B>

</DL>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B>manpath......<TT>Path for Man Command</TT></B></FONT></P>

<P><B>man</B> <I>option(s)</I></P>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>PURPOSE</I></B></FONT></P>

<P>The <B>manpath</B> command sets or returns the path for the <B>man</B> command. It first checks the $MANPATH variable, then <B>/etc/manpath.conf</B>, and finally the user environment variables and the current working directory.</P>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>OPTIONS</I></B></FONT></P>

<TABLE WIDTH="100%">

<TR>

<TD WIDTH="20%"><B>-c</B>

<TD WIDTH="80%">Uses <B>catpath</B> to find formatted pages.

<TR>

<TD><B>-d</B>

<TD>Prints debugging information.

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>-g</B>

<TD>Creates MANPATH from global references in <B>/etc/manpath.conf</B>.

<TR>

<TD><B>-m <I>system</I></B>

<TD>Searches <B><I>system</I></B> for <B>man</B> pages.

<TR>

<TD><B>-q</B>

<TD>Suppresses error messages.

</TABLE>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>RELATED COMMANDS</I></B></FONT></P>

<DL>

<DD><B>apropos

<DD>man

<DD>whatis

<DD>xman</B>

</DL>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B>mcookie......<TT>Make Cookie</TT></B></FONT></P>

<IMG SRC="images/05-12i.jpg"><P><B>mcookie</B></P>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>PURPOSE</I></B></FONT></P>

<P>The <B>mcookie</B> command creates magic cookies (specifically, a 128-bit random hexadecimal number) for the <B>xauth</B> X authority system. It&#146;s usually used directly with the <B>xauth</B> command.</P>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>RELATED COMMANDS</I></B></FONT></P>

<DL>

<DD><B>xauth</B>

</DL>

<P><BR></P>

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