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<!--ISBN=1558285423//-->
<!--TITLE=Linux in Plain English//-->
<!--AUTHOR=Patrick Volkerding//-->
<!--AUTHOR=Kevin Reichard//-->
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<P><BR></P>
<H2><A NAME="Heading1"></A><FONT COLOR="#000077">Chapter 5<BR>Linux Commands, Organized by Group
</FONT></H2>
<P>This section covers the major Linux commands, sorted by group and function. The eight categories are:
</P>
<DL>
<DD><B>•</B> General-Purpose Commands
<DD><B>•</B> File-Management Commands
<DD><B>•</B> Text-Processing Commands
<DD><B>•</B> Internet Commands
<DD><B>•</B> Programming Commands
<DD><B>•</B> Networking Commands
<DD><B>•</B> System-Administration Commands
<DD><B>•</B> Mtools
</DL>
<P>The format of each of these commands is the same. The name of the command is given, following by an example command line, an explanation of the command, the command-line options available, examples, and related commands. Variables are listed in <I>italics</I>. Also, we note when a command is a GNU command or an X Window System command.</P>
<H3><A NAME="Heading2"></A><FONT COLOR="#000077">General-Purpose Commands</FONT></H3>
<P>These commands are used for your everyday computing chores.
</P>
<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B>appres......<TT>Lists X Resources</TT></B></FONT></P>
<IMG SRC="images/05-01i.jpg"><P><B>appres</B> <I>class toolkitoptions</I></P>
<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>PURPOSE</I></B></FONT></P>
<P>The <B>appres</B> command lists the resources specified by an application. You can specify a general application, or you can specify a particular widget.</P>
<P>The output can be quite voluminous, so you may want to pipe the output to another file.</P>
<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>EXAMPLE</I></B></FONT></P>
<!-- CODE SNIP //-->
<PRE>
$ appres XTerm
*mainMenu*interrupt*Label: Send INT Signal
*mailMenu*logging*Label: Log to File
*mainMenu*quit*Label: Quit
...
</PRE>
<!-- END CODE SNIP //-->
<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>RELATED COMMANDS</I></B></FONT></P>
<DL>
<DD><B>listres
<DD>xrdb</B>
</DL>
<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B>apropos......<TT>Search Whatis Database</TT></B></FONT></P>
<P><B>apropos</B> <I>keyword</I></P>
<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>PURPOSE</I></B></FONT></P>
<P>The <B>apropos</B> command searches the <B>whatis</B> database for information concerning a specified keyword and returns the information in the default EDITOR. The <B>whatis</B> database contains short text summaries of commands.</P>
<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>EXAMPLE</I></B></FONT></P>
<!-- CODE SNIP //-->
<PRE>
$ apropos xterm
resize (1x) - set TERMCAP and terminal settings to current
xterm window size
xterm (1x) - terminal emulator for X
</PRE>
<!-- END CODE SNIP //-->
<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>RELATED COMMANDS</I></B></FONT></P>
<DL>
<DD><B>man
<DD>whatis
<DD>xman</B>
</DL>
<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B>arch......<TT>Return Machine Architecture</TT></B></FONT></P>
<P><B>arch</B></P>
<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>PURPOSE</I></B></FONT></P>
<P>Lists the machine architecture of the PC running Linux. This can be i386, i486, or i586 (for Pentium-based PCs).
</P>
<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>EXAMPLE</I></B></FONT></P>
<!-- CODE SNIP //-->
<PRE>
$ arch
i586
</PRE>
<!-- END CODE SNIP //-->
<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>RELATED COMMANDS</I></B></FONT></P>
<DL>
<DD><B>uname</B>
</DL>
<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B>atobm......<TT>Bitmap Converter</TT></B></FONT></P>
<P><B>atobm</B> <I>option(s) filename</I></P>
<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>PURPOSE</I></B></FONT></P>
<P>The <B>atobm</B> command converts ASCII strings to a bitmap file. See the <B>bitmap</B> command for more explanation about X Window System bitmap files.</P>
<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>OPTIONS</I></B></FONT></P>
<TABLE WIDTH="100%">
<TR>
<TD WIDTH="30%" VALIGN="TOP"><B>-chars cc</B>
<TD WIDTH="70%">Sets the characters to use to specify the 0s and 1s that make up the bitmap file. The default is to use dashes (-) for 0s and sharp signs (#) for the 1s.
<TR>
<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>-name variable</B>
<TD>Sets the variable name used when writing the converted bitmap filename. The default is to use the basename of the filename command-line argument.
<TR>
<TD><B>-yhot number</B>
<TD>Sets the “hot spot” Y-coordinate.
</TABLE>
<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>RELATED COMMANDS</I></B></FONT></P>
<DL>
<DD><B>bitmap
<DD>bmtoa</B>
</DL>
<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B>banner......<TT>Prints Banner</TT></B></FONT></P>
<P><B>banner</B> <I>option message</I></P>
<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>PURPOSE</I></B></FONT></P>
<P>The <B>banner</B> command prints a banner of up to 10 characters using asterisks. The total width of the banner is 132 characters, and the banner is printed sideways.</P>
<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>EXAMPLE</I></B></FONT></P>
<!-- CODE SNIP //-->
<PRE>
$ banner kevin
</PRE>
<!-- END CODE SNIP //-->
<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>OPTION</I></B></FONT></P>
<TABLE WIDTH="100%">
<TR>
<TD WIDTH="20%"><B>-w num</B>
<TD WIDTH="80%">Sets the width of the banner of <I>num</I> characters.
</TABLE>
<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B>bash......<TT>Bourne Again Shell</TT></B></FONT></P>
<IMG SRC="images/05-02i.jpg"><P><B>bash</B> <I>option(s)</I></P>
<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>PURPOSE</I></B></FONT></P>
<P>The <B>bash</B> command launches the Bourne Again Shell, a clone of the popular UNIX shell. See Chapter 6 for more on <B>bash</B>.</P>
<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B>bc......<TT>calculator</TT></B></FONT></P>
<P><B>bc</B> <I>option(s) files</I></P>
<IMG SRC="images/05-03i.jpg"><P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>PURPOSE</I></B></FONT></P>
<P>The <B>bc</B> command acts as an online calculator, as well as a tool for unlimited-precision arithmetic. It can be used to enter numerals directly. It can be embedded into shell scripts, using a syntax similar to the C programming language. It can also be used to convert numerals to different bases.</P>
<P>After entering the <B>bc</B> command on a command line, arithmetic functions can be entered directly. When you’re through using the <B>bc</B> command, type <B>EOF</B>, <B>quit</B>, or <B>Ctrl-C</B>.</P>
<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>OPTIONS</I></B></FONT></P>
<TABLE WIDTH="100%">
<TR>
<TD WIDTH="20%"><B>-l</B>
<TD WIDTH="80%">Adds functions from the math library.
<TR>
<TD><B>-s</B>
<TD>Overrides extensions, achieving POSIX conformity.
<TR>
<TD><B>-p</B>
<TD>Prints a warning when using extensions to POSIX <B>bc</B>.
</TABLE>
<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>EXAMPLE</I></B></FONT></P>
<!-- CODE SNIP //-->
<PRE>
$ bc
scale=5
sqrt((55*6)/5)
8.12402
quit
</PRE>
<!-- END CODE SNIP //-->
<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>COMMON INSTRUCTIONS</I></B></FONT></P>
<TABLE WIDTH="100%">
<TR>
<TD WIDTH="20%"><B>+</B>
<TD WIDTH="80%">Addition.
<TR>
<TD><B>-</B>
<TD>Subtraction.
<TR>
<TD><B>/</B>
<TD>Division.
<TR>
<TD><B>*</B>
<TD>Multiplication.
<TR>
<TD><B>%</B>
<TD>Remainder.
<TR>
<TD><B>^</B>
<TD>Exponentiation.
<TR>
<TD><B>sqrt(n)</B>
<TD>Square root.
</TABLE>
<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>VALUE STORAGE</I></B></FONT></P>
<TABLE WIDTH="100%">
<TR>
<TD WIDTH="20%" VALIGN="TOP"><B>scale=n</B>
<TD WIDTH="80%">Sets scale using <I>n</I> decimal spaces; the default is 0. This is best used with base 10. The default also means that the output is in integers. The current value can be seen by entering only <B>scale</B> (and no value) by itself. For digits between 10 and 15, use the letters A–F.
<TR>
<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>ibase=n</B>
<TD>Sets the input base (the default is 10). The current value can be seen by entering only <B>ibase</B> (and no value) by itself. For digits between 10 and 15, use the letters A-F.
<TR>
<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>obase=x</B>
<TD>Sets the output base (the default is 10). The current value can be seen by entering only <B>obase</B> (and no value) by itself. For digits between 10 and 15, use the letters A–F.
<TR>
<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>last</B>
<TD>Returns the last value. For digits between 10 and 15, use the letters A–F.
</TABLE>
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