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<!--ISBN=1558285423//-->

<!--TITLE=Linux in Plain English//-->

<!--AUTHOR=Patrick Volkerding//-->

<!--AUTHOR=Kevin Reichard//-->

<!--PUBLISHER=IDG Books Worldwide, Inc.//-->

<!--IMPRINT=M & T Books//-->

<!--CHAPTER=5//-->

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<P><BR></P>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>FORMATS</I></B></FONT></P>

<TABLE WIDTH="100%">

<TR>

<TD WIDTH="20%"><B>%a</B>

<TD WIDTH="80%">Abbreviates the day of the week (Sun, Mon, etc.).

<TR>

<TD><B>%A</B>

<TD>Spells out the day of the week (Sunday, Monday, etc.).

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>%b</B>

<TD>Abbreviates the month (Jan, Feb, etc.). The same as <B>%h</B>.

<TR>

<TD><B>%B</B>

<TD>Spells out the month (January, February, etc.).

<TR>

<TD><B>%c</B>

<TD>Returns the time for a specific country.

<TR>

<TD><B>%d</B>

<TD>Returns the day in two digits (01&#150;31).

<TR>

<TD><B>%D</B>

<TD>Returns the date in <I>mm/dd/yy</I> format.

<TR>

<TD><B>%e</B>

<TD>Returns the day as a numeral (1&#150;31).

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>%h</B>

<TD>Abbreviates the month (Jan, Feb, etc.). The same as <B>%b</B>.

<TR>

<TD><B>%H</B>

<TD>Returns the hour in military time (00&#150;23).

<TR>

<TD><B>%I</B>

<TD>Returns the hour in nonmilitary time (00&#150;12).

<TR>

<TD><B>%j</B>

<TD>Returns the date in Julian format (1&#150;365).

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>%k</B>

<TD>Returns the hour in military time, without leading zeroes (1-23).

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>%l</B>

<TD>Returns the hour in nonmilitary time, without leading zeroes (1&#150;12).

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>%m></B>

<TD>Returns the month as two numerals (01 for January, 02 for February, etc.).

<TR>

<TD><B>%M</B>

<TD>Returns the number of minutes (0&#150;59).

<TR>

<TD><B>%n</B>

<TD>Inserts a newline.

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>%p</B>

<TD>Changes time of day to a.m. and p.m. (as opposed to the default AM and PM.

<TR>

<TD><B>%r</B>

<TD>Returns <I>hh:mm:ss:a/pm</I> in 12-hour format.

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>%s</B>

<TD>Returns the number since &#147;The Epoch,&#148; 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC.

<TR>

<TD><B>%S</B>

<TD>Returns the number of seconds (0&#150;59).

<TR>

<TD><B>%t</B>

<TD>Inserts a tab.

<TR>

<TD><B>%T</B>

<TD>Specifies time returns in the <I>hh:mm:ss</I> format.

<TR>

<TD><B>%U</B>

<TD>Returns the day of the month (01&#150;31).

<TR>

<TD><B>%w</B>

<TD>Returns the day of the week as a numeral (Sunday is 0).

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>%W</B>

<TD>Returns the week as a number (0&#150;51), with the week beginning on a Monday.

<TR>

<TD><B>%x</B>

<TD>Returns a country-specific time format.

<TR>

<TD><B>%X</B>

<TD>Returns a country-specific date format.

<TR>

<TD><B>%y</B>

<TD>Returns the year in two digits (97).

<TR>

<TD><B>%Y</B>

<TD>Returns the year in four digits (1997).

<TR>

<TD><B>%Z</B>

<TD>Returns a time-zone name.

</TABLE>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>DATE-SETTING OPTIONS</I></B></FONT></P>

<P>A privileged user can also use the <B>date</B> command to set a system date. The date can be numeric or nonnumeric format. A numeric string must be in the format <I>Mmddhhmmyy</I>.</P>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>EXAMPLE</I></B></FONT></P>

<!-- CODE SNIP //-->

<PRE>

$ date 0101153097

</PRE>

<!-- END CODE SNIP //-->

<P>This sets the date to January 1 (<I>0101</I>), 1997 (<I>97</I>), at 3:30 p.m. (<I>1530</I>).</P>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B>dumpkeys......<TT>Keyboard Information</TT></B></FONT></P>

<P><B>dumpkeys</B> <I>option(s)</I></P>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>PURPOSE</I></B></FONT></P>

<P>The <B>dumpkeys</B> command returns information about the current keyboard driver.</P>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>OPTIONS</I></B></FONT></P>

<TABLE WIDTH="100%">

<TR>

<TD WIDTH="30%" VALIGN="TOP"><B>-ccharset</B>

<TD WIDTH="70%">Specifies a <I>charset</I> to interpret the returned values; <I>charset</I> must be <B>iso-8859-1</B> (ASCII English; the default), <B>iso-8859-2</B>, <B>iso-8859-3, iso-8859-4</B>, or <B>iso-8859-8</B>.

<TR>

<TD><B>--compose-only</B>

<TD>Returns information about key combinations.

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>-f</B>

<TD>Prints the entire output for each key in canonical format.

<TR>

<TD><B>--funcs-only</B>

<TD>Returns information about function keys.

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>-i</B>

<TD>Prints limited information about each key: acceptable keycode

<TR>

<TD>

<TD>keywords, the number of actions that can be bound to a key, the ranges of the action codes, and the number of function keys supported by the Linux kernel.

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>--keys-only</B>

<TD>Returns information about key bindings, not string definitions.

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>-l</B>

<TD>Prints information about each key: acceptable keycode keywords, the number of actions that can be bound to a key, the ranges of the action codes, the number of function keys supported by the Linux kernel, and the supported action symbols and their numeric values.

<TR>

<TD><B>-n</B>

<TD>Returns information in hexadecimal format.

</TABLE>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B>echo......<TT>Echoes Input</TT></B></FONT></P>

<P><B>echo</B> <I>option string</I></P>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>PURPOSE</I></B></FONT></P>

<P>The <B>echo</B> command echoes text or a value to standard output, normally the screen. It actually exists in three versions: as a Linux command (<B>/bin/echo</B>), as a C shell command, and as a Bourne shell command. The three are used interchangeably. The only real difference is that the C shell version is much more limited not supporting control characters and the <B>-n</B> option, as they are here.</P>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>OPTION</I></B></FONT></P>

<TABLE WIDTH="100%">

<TR>

<TD WIDTH="20%"><B>-n</B>

<TD WIDTH="80%">Avoids printing of a newline at the end of the text.

</TABLE>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>CONTROL CHARACTER</I></B></FONT></P>

<TABLE WIDTH="100%">

<TR>

<TD WIDTH="20%"><B>\a</B>

<TD WIDTH="80%">Alert (bell).

<TR>

<TD><B>\b</B>

<TD>Backspace.

<TR>

<TD><B>\c</B>

<TD>No newline.

<TR>

<TD><B>\f</B>

<TD>Form feed.

<TR>

<TD><B>\n</B>

<TD>Newline.

<TR>

<TD><B>\r</B>

<TD>Carriage return.

<TR>

<TD><B>\t</B>

<TD>Horizontal tab.

<TR>

<TD><B>\v</B>

<TD>Vertical tab.

<TR>

<TD><B>\\</B>

<TD>Backslash.

<TR>

<TD><B>\nnn</B>

<TD>ASCII code of any character.

</TABLE>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>EXAMPLE</I></B></FONT></P>

<!-- CODE SNIP //-->

<PRE>

$ echo &#147;Good afternoon!&#148;

</PRE>

<!-- END CODE SNIP //-->

<P>This prints the string <I>Good afternoon!</I> to the screen.</P>

<!-- CODE SNIP //-->

<PRE>

$ echo &#147;We are testing the printer&#148; | lp

</PRE>

<!-- END CODE SNIP //-->

<P>This sends the string <I>We are testing the printer</I> to the printer.</P>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B>env......<TT>Set Environment</TT></B></FONT></P>

<P><B>env</B> <I>option [variable=value] command</I></P>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>PURPOSE</I></B></FONT></P>

<P>The <B>env</B> command changes environment variables or displays the current environment variables with their values. Your Linux system has a set of variables that can be applied to various situation; for instance, instead of every command and program having its own text editor, most of them just summon the EDITOR environment variable and call a system editor. Other variables control the default shell, your terminal type, your command path, and your home directory.</P>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>OPTIONS</I></B></FONT></P>

<TABLE WIDTH="100%">

<TR>

<TD WIDTH="20%"><B>-</B>

<TD WIDTH="80%">Ignores the current environment entirely.

<TR>

<TD><B>-i</B>

<TD>Ignores the current environment entirely.

<TR>

<TD><B>u variable</B>

<TD>Unsets the specified <I>var</I>.

</TABLE>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B>fsinfo......<TT>Font Server Info</TT></B></FONT></P>

<IMG SRC="images/05-07i.jpg"><P><B>fsinfo -server <I>servername</I></B></P>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>PURPOSE</I></B></FONT></P>

<P>The <B>fsinfo</B> command returns information about a running X Window System font server.</P>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>RELATED COMMANDS</I></B></FONT></P>

<DL>

<DD><B>fslsfonts

<DD>xfs</B>

</DL>

<P><BR></P>

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