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<!--ISBN=1558285423//-->

<!--TITLE=Linux in Plain English//-->

<!--AUTHOR=Patrick Volkerding//-->

<!--AUTHOR=Kevin Reichard//-->

<!--PUBLISHER=IDG Books Worldwide, Inc.//-->

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<P><BR></P>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B>free......<TT>Free Memory</TT></B></FONT></P>

<P><B>free</B> <I>option(s)</I></P>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>PURPOSE</I></B></FONT></P>

<P>The <B>free</B> command returns information about memory usage: total free memory, used memory, shared memory, and buffers.</P>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>OPTIONS</I></B></FONT></P>

<TABLE WIDTH="100%">

<TR>

<TD WIDTH="20%"><B>-b</B>

<TD WIDTH="80%">Returns information in bytes.

<TR>

<TD><B>-k</B>

<TD>Returns information in kilobytes (the default).

<TR>

<TD><B>-m</B>

<TD>Returns information in megabytes.

<TR>

<TD><B>-o</B>

<TD>Suppresses the <I>buffer adjusted</I> line.

<TR>

<TD><B>-s <I>time</I></B>

<TD>Regularly return information every <I>time</I> seconds.

<TR>

<TD><B>-t</B>

<TD>Prints information on one line.

</TABLE>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>RELATED COMMAND</I></B></FONT></P>

<DL>

<DD><B>du</B>

</DL>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B>ftpd......<TT>FTP Daemon</TT></B></FONT></P>

<P><B>ftpd</B> <I>option(s)</I></P>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>PURPOSE</I></B></FONT></P>

<P>The <B>ftpd</B> command launches the DARPA FTP daemon, which handles incoming FTP requests. It uses the TCP protocol and listens at the port specified in the ftp service in the <B>services</B> file.</P>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>OPTIONS</I></B></FONT></P>

<TABLE WIDTH="100%">

<TR>

<TD WIDTH="20%"><B>-a</B>

<TD WIDTH="80%">Uses the <B>ftpaccess</B> file to control access.

<TR>

<TD><B>-A</B>

<TD>Disables the <B>ftpaccess</B> access control.

<TR>

<TD><B>-d</B>

<TD>Turns on debugging mode.

<TR>

<TD><B>-l</B>

<TD>Logs sessions in the syslog.

<TR>

<TD><B>-L</B>

<TD>Logs all sessions in the syslog.

<TR>

<TD><B>-t <I>timeout</I></B>

<TD>Sets inactivity timeout period <I>timeout</I> seconds.

<TR>

<TD><B>-i</B>

<TD>Logs uploaded file transfers to the <B>xferlog</B> file.

<TR>

<TD><B>-o</B>

<TD>Logs downloaded file transfers to the syslog.

</TABLE>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>RELATED COMMANDS</I></B></FONT></P>

<DL>

<DD><B>ftp</B>

<DD><B>inetd</B>

</DL>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B>ftpwho......<TT>FTP Users</TT></B></FONT></P>

<P><B>ftpwho</B></P>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>PURPOSE</I></B></FONT></P>

<P>The <B>ftpwho</B> command shows the current process information for each <B>ftp</B> user.</P>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>RELATED COMMAND</I></B></FONT></P>

<DL>

<DD><B>ftpcount</B>

</DL>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B>httpd......<TT>Apache Web Server</TT></B></FONT></P>

<P><B>httpd</B> <I>option(s)</I></P>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>PURPOSE</I></B></FONT></P>

<P>The <B>httpd</B> command launches the Apache Web server. It can be launched as a daemon and run in the background at all times (the most efficient configuration), or it can invoked by the Internet daemon <B>inetd</B> each time a request to a HTTP service is made.</P>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>OPTIONS</I></B></FONT></P>

<TABLE WIDTH="100%">

<TR>

<TD WIDTH="25%" VALIGN="TOP"><B>-d <I>serverroot</I></B>

<TD WIDTH="75%">Sets the initial value for the <I>ServerRoot</I> variable to <I>serverroot</I>. This variable specifies where the Web-server program is actually located. The default is <B>/usr/local/etc/httpd</B>.

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>-f <I>config</I></B>

<TD>Runs the commands in the file <I>config</I> on startup. If <I>config</I> does not begin with <B>/</B>, then it is taken to be a path relative to the <I>ServerRoot</I>. The default is <B>conf/httpd.conf</B>.

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>-X</B>

<TD>Runs in single-process mode. This is useful when debugging your Web setup, but to be avoided when offering Web services to the world.

</TABLE>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>RELATED COMMAND</I></B></FONT></P>

<DL>

<DD><B>inetd</B>

</DL>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B>imapd......<TT>IMAP Mail Server</TT></B></FONT></P>

<P><B>imapd</B></P>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>PURPOSE</I></B></FONT></P>

<P>The <B>imapd</B> command launches a mail server that supports the IMAP remote-mail access protocol. It is rarely launched by itself on a command line, but is rather launched with other Internet server tools in the <B>inetd</B> daemon configuration.</P>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>RELATED COMMAND</I></B></FONT></P>

<DL>

<DD><B>inetd</B>

</DL>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B>inetd......<TT>Internet Server</TT></B></FONT></P>

<P><B>inetd</B> <I>option</I></P>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>PURPOSE</I></B></FONT></P>

<P>The <B>inetd</B> command launches a series of Internet services. It&#146;s here that incoming requests are routed&#151;this daemon listens for connections on specified Internet sockets, and when a connection is made on a socket, <B>inetd</B> decides which service should handle the socket connection. It&#146;s usually run at boot time by <B>/etc/rc.local</B>.</P>

<P>See the online-manual pages for more information on configuring this file.</P>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>OPTION</I></B></FONT></P>

<TABLE WIDTH="100%">

<TR>

<TD WIDTH="20%"><B>-d</B>

<TD WIDTH="80%">Turns on debugging.

</TABLE>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>RELATED COMMANDS</I></B></FONT></P>

<DL>

<DD><B>ftpd</B>

<DD><B>telnetd</B>

</DL>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B>inews......<TT>Send News</TT></B></FONT></P>

<P><B>inews</B> <I>option(s)</I></P>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>PURPOSE</I></B></FONT></P>

<P>The <B>inews</B> command reads a Usenet news article (perhaps with headers) from a file or standard input if no file is given, checks to make sure that the format meets Usenet standards, and then passes along the article to a Usenet news server specified in the <B>inn.conf</B> file. The input consists of the article headers, a blank line, and the message body.</P>

<P>Check the online-manual pages for configuration options and command-line options.</P>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>RELATED COMMANDS</I></B></FONT></P>

<DL>

<DD><B>injnews</B>

<DD><B>innd</B>

</DL>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B>injnews......<TT>Post News Article</TT></B></FONT></P>

<P><B>injnews</B> <I>option(s)</I></P>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>PURPOSE</I></B></FONT></P>

<P>The <B>inews</B> command reads a Usenet news article (perhaps with headers) from a file or standard input if no file is given, checks to make sure that the format meets Usenet standards, and then passes along the article to a Usenet news server specified in the <B>inn.conf</B> file. The input consists of the article headers, a blank line, and the message body.</P>

<P>Check the online-manual pages for configuration options and command-line options.</P>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>RELATED COMMANDS</I></B></FONT></P>

<DL>

<DD><B>inews</B>

<DD><B>innd</B>

</DL>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B>inews......<TT>Newsgroup Forwarded</TT></B></FONT></P>

<P><B>inews</B> <I>option(s) filename</I></P>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>PURPOSE</I></B></FONT></P>

<P>The <B>inews</B> command reads a Usenet news article from a file, adding some headers, and performs some consistency checks. If the news article passes the checks, it&#146;s then passed along to the Usenet news server specified in the <B>inn.conf</B> file.</P>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>OPTIONS</I></B></FONT></P>

<TABLE WIDTH="100%">

<TR>

<TD WIDTH="30%"><B>-D</B>

<TD WIDTH="70%">Works in debugging mode.

<TR>

<TD><B>-o <I>organization</I></B>

<TD>Specifies a new <I>organization</I>.

<TR>

<TD><B>-O</B>

<TD>Doesn&#146;t fill in <I>Organization</I> field.

<TR>

<TD><B>-R</B>

<TD>Rejects control messages.

</TABLE>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>RELATED COMMAND</I></B></FONT></P>

<DL>

<DD><B>innd</B>

</DL>

<P><BR></P>

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