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<TITLE>Linux in Plain English:Linux Commands Organized by Group</TITLE>
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<!--TITLE=Linux in Plain English//-->
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<P><BR></P>
<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B>pr......<TT>Prints Files</TT></B></FONT></P>
<IMG SRC="images/05-117i.jpg"><P><B>pr</B> <I>file</I></P>
<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>PURPOSE</I></B></FONT></P>
<P>The <B>pr</B> command prepares a file for printing. It doesn’t actually print the file—you need to send the file to the printer to do that—but the <B>pr</B> command creates a paginated, columned file suitable for printing.</P>
<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>OPTIONS</I></B></FONT></P>
<TABLE WIDTH="100%">
<TR>
<TD WIDTH="33%"><B>+<I>page</I></B>
<TD WIDTH="67%">Begins printing with page <I>page</I>.
<TR>
<TD><B>-<I>column</I></B>
<TD>Prints <I>column</I> number of columns.
<TR>
<TD><B>-a</B>
<TD>Prints columns across, rather than down.
<TR>
<TD><B>-b</B>
<TD>Evens columns on the last page.
<TR>
<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>-c</B>
<TD>Prints control characters using carets (<B>^G</B>); prints other unprintable characters in octal backslash notation.
<TR>
<TD><B>-d</B>
<TD>Prints output doublespaced.
<TR>
<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>-e <I>width</I></B>
<TD>Expands tabs to spaces on input; if <I>width</I> is specified, exchange tab for <I>width</I>.
<TR>
<TD><B>-F</B>
<TD>Uses formfeeds instead of newlines between pages.
<TR>
<TD><B>-h <I>header</I></B>
<TD>Replaces the filename in the header with <I>header</I>.
<TR>
<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>-i[<I>out-tab-char</I>] [<I>out-tab-width</I>]</B>
<TD>Replaces spaces with tabs. You can specify an output tab character (<I>out-tab-char</I>) or the output tab character’s width (<I>out-tab-width</I>), which has a default of 8.
<TR>
<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>-l <I>page-length</I></B>
<TD>Sets the page length to <I>page-length</I> lines; the default is 66.
<TR>
<TD><B>-m</B>
<TD>Print all files in parallel, one in each column.
<TR>
<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>-n[<I>number-separator</I>[<I>digits</I>)]]</B>
<TD>Precedes each column with a line number; with parallel files, precedes each line with a line number. The optional argument <I>number-separator</I> is the character to print after each number. The optional <I>digits</I> is the number of digits per line number; the default is 5.
<TR>
<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>-o <I>left-margin</I></B>
<TD>Offsets each line with a margin <I>left-margin</I> spaces wide.
<TR>
<TD><B>-r</B>
<TD>Ignores warnings when an file cannot be opened.
<TR>
<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>-s[<I>column-separator</I>]</B>
<TD>Separates columns by the single character <I>column- separator</I>.
<TR>
<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>-t</B>
<TD>Suppresses printing the header and trailer on all pages.
<TR>
<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>-v</B>
<TD>Print unprintable characters in octal backslash notation.
<TR>
<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>-w <I>page-width</I></B>
<TD>Sets the page width to <I>page-width</I> columns; the default is 72.
</TABLE>
<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B>printf......<TT>Print and Format</TT></B></FONT></P>
<IMG SRC="images/05-118i.jpg"><P><B>printf</B> <I>argument</I></P>
<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>PURPOSE</I></B></FONT></P>
<P>The <B>printf</B> command prints a <I>string</I>, using % directives and \ escapes in the same manner as the C-language <B>printf</B> command.</P>
<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B>psbb......<TT>PostScript Boxes</TT></B></FONT></P>
<P><B>psbb</B> <I>file</I></P>
<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>PURPOSE</I></B></FONT></P>
<P>The <B>psbb</B> returns the dimensions of a bounding box from a PostScript document. If it finds one, it prints a line:</P>
<!-- CODE SNIP //-->
<PRE>
<I>llx lly urx ury</I>
</PRE>
<!-- END CODE SNIP //-->
<P>and exits. If it does not find one, it prints a message saying so and exits.
</P>
<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B>refer......<TT>References for Groff</TT></B></FONT></P>
<IMG SRC="images/05-119i.jpg"><P><B>refer</B> <I>option(s) filename</I></P>
<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>PURPOSE</I></B></FONT></P>
<P>The <B>refer</B> preprocesses bibliographic references for the <B>groff</B> command. It copies the contents of <I>filename</I> to standard output, except that lines between <B>.[</B> and <B>.]</B> are interpreted as citations, and lines between <B>.R1</B> and <B>.R2</B> are interpreted as commands about how citations are to be processed. A longer description of citations and their significance, as well as references to obscure options, can be found in the manual pages.</P>
<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B>rev......<TT>Reverse Lines</TT></B></FONT></P>
<P><B>rev</B> <I>filename</I></P>
<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>PURPOSE</I></B></FONT></P>
<P>The <B>rev</B> command reverses the lines of a file. It copies the file to standard output, reversing the order of characters in every line.</P>
<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B>sdiff......<TT>Compare Files</TT></B></FONT></P>
<IMG SRC="images/05-120i.jpg"><P><B>sdiff</B> <I>option(s) file1 file2</I></P>
<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>PURPOSE</I></B></FONT></P>
<P>The <B>sdiff</B> command merges two files and prints the results to a third file.</P>
<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>OPTIONS</I></B></FONT></P>
<TABLE WIDTH="100%">
<TR>
<TD WIDTH="35%" VALIGN="TOP"><B>-a</B>
<TD WIDTH="65%">Treats all files as text and compares them line-by-line, even if they do not appear to be text.
<TR>
<TD><B>-b</B>
<TD>Ignores changes in amount of white space.
<TR>
<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>-B</B>
<TD>Ignores changes that only insert or delete blank lines.
<TR>
<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>-d</B>
<TD>Changes the algorithm to find a smaller set of changes.
<TR>
<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>-H</B>
<TD>Uses heuristics to speed handling of large files that have numerous scattered small changes.
<TR>
<TD><B>--expand-tabs</B>
<TD>Expands tabs to spaces in the final file.
<TR>
<TD><B>-i</B>
<TD>Ignores changes in case.
<TR>
<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>-I <I>regexp</I></B>
<TD>Ignores changes that only insert or delete lines that match <I>regexp</I>.
<TR>
<TD><B>--ignore-all-space</B>
<TD VALIGN="TOP">Ignores white space when comparing lines.
<TR>
<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>--ignore-blank-lines</B>
<TD>Ignores changes that only insert or delete blank lines.
<TR>
<TD><B>--ignore-case</B>
<TD>Ignores case.
<TR>
<TD><B>--ignore-matching-lines=<I>regexp</I></B>
<TD>Ignores changes that inserts or deletes lines that match <I>regexp</I>.
<TR>
<TD><B>--ignore-space-change</B>
<TD VALIGN="TOP">Ignores changes in the amount of white space.
<TR>
<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>-l</B>
<TD>Prints only the left column of two common lines.
<TR>
<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>--minimal</B>
<TD>Changes the algorithm to seek a smaller set of changes.
<TR>
<TD><B>-o <I>file</I></B>
<TD>Saves the merged output to <I>file</I>.
<TR>
<TD><B>-s</B>
<TD>Doesn’t print common lines.
<TR>
<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>--speed-large-files</B>
<TD>Uses heuristics to speed handling of large files with numerous scattered small changes.
<TR>
<TD><B>-t</B>
<TD>Expands tabs to spaces.
<TR>
<TD><B>--text</B>
<TD>Treats all files as text.
<TR>
<TD><B>-w <I>columns</I></B>
<TD>Sets an output width of <I>columns</I>.
<TR>
<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>-W</B>
<TD>Ignores horizontal white space when comparing lines.
</TABLE>
<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>RELATED COMMANDS</I></B></FONT></P>
<DL>
<DD><B>cmp</B>
<DD><B>comm</B>
<DD><B>diff</B>
<DD><B>diff3</B>
</DL>
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