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<TITLE>Linux in Plain English:Linux Commands Organized by Group</TITLE>
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<!--TITLE=Linux in Plain English//-->
<!--AUTHOR=Patrick Volkerding//-->
<!--AUTHOR=Kevin Reichard//-->
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<P><BR></P>
<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>OPTIONS</I></B></FONT></P>
<TABLE WIDTH="100%">
<TR>
<TD WIDTH="20%" VALIGN="TOP"><B>-0</B>
<TD WIDTH="80%">Listing of files end with a null, not a newline; files that contain a newline in their names can then be included. (Used with <B>-i</B> and <B>-p</B> flags.)
<TR>
<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>-a</B>
<TD>Sets the access times of files to now. (Used with <B>-i</B> and <B>-p</B> flags.)
<TR>
<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>-A</B>
<TD>Appends new files to an existing archive on a disk. This must be used with the <B>-O</B> or <B>-F</B> options. (Used with <B>-i</B> and <B>-p</B> flags.)
<TR>
<TD><B>-b</B>
<TD>Swaps half-words and bytes. (Used with <B>-o</B> flag.)
<TR>
<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>-B</B>
<TD>Sets block size as 5120 bytes per record, as opposed to the default 512 bytes per record. (Used with <B>-i</B> and <B>-o</B> flags.)
<TR>
<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>-c</B>
<TD>Reads and writes header information as ASCII text. (Used with <B>-i</B> and <B>-o</B> flags.)
<TR>
<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>-C <I>num</I></B>
<TD>Sets block size as <I>num</I>, as opposed to the default 512 bytes per record. (Used with <B>-i</B> and <B>-o</B> flags.)
<TR>
<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>-d</B>
<TD>Creates directories as needed. (Used with <B>-o</B> and <B>-p</B> flags.)
<TR>
<TD><B>-E <I>file</I></B>
<TD>Extracts files found in archive <I>file</I>. (Used with <B>-o</B> flag.)
<TR>
<TD><B>-F <I>file</I></B>
<TD>Uses <I>file</I> as an archive. (Used with <B>-i</B> and <B>-o</B> flags.)
<TR>
<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>-H <I>type</I></B>
<TD>Specifies the format <I>type</I>, which is useful when moving archives to non-Linux machines. The default is <I>bin</I>, for binary. Other <I>types</I> are <I>crc</I> (SVR4 with checksum), <I>hpodc</I> (Hewlett-Packard portable format), <I>newc</I> (SVR4 portable format), <I>odc</I> (POSIX.1 portable format), <I>tar</I>, or <I>ustar</I> (POSIX.1 tar). (Used with <B>-i</B> and <B>-o</B> flags.)
<TR>
<TD><B>-I <I>file</I></B>
<TD>Reads input archive as <I>file</I>. (Used with <B>-o</B> flag.)
<TR>
<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>-l</B>
<TD>Sets up links instead of copying files. (Used with <B>-p</B> flag.)
<TR>
<TD><B>-L</B>
<TD>Follows any symbolic links. (Used with <B>-i</B> and <B>-p</B> flags.)
<TR>
<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>-m</B>
<TD>Modification times are maintained. (Used with <B>-o</B> and <B>-p</B> flags.)
<TR>
<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>-M <I>mesg</I></B>
<TD>Prints <I>mesg</I> when switching between media. Must be used with <B>-I</B> or <B>-O</B>. (Used with <B>-i</B> and <B>-o</B> flags.)
<TR>
<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>-n</B>
<TD>Shows user and group IDs; must be used with <B>-v</B>. (Used with <B>-o</B> flag.)
<TR>
<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>-O <I>file</I></B>
<TD>Directs the output to <I>file</I> on another machine. (Used with <B>-i</B> flag.)
<TR>
<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>-r</B>
<TD>Renames files; prompts you for new filenames. (Used with <B>-o</B> flag.)
<TR>
<TD><B>-s</B>
<TD>Swaps bytes. (Used with <B>-o</B> flag.)
<TR>
<TD><B>-S</B>
<TD>Swaps half-words. (Used with <B>-o</B> flag.)
<TR>
<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>-t</B>
<TD>Prints table of contents of a proposed archive; doesn’t actually create archive. (Used with <B>-o</B> flag.)
<TR>
<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>-u</B>
<TD>New files can overwrite old files unconditionally. (Used with <B>-o</B> and <B>-p</B> flags.)
<TR>
<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>-v</B>
<TD>Turns on verbose mode, where all files are listed. (Used with all flags.)
<TR>
<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>-V</B>
<TD>Turns on a modified verbose mode, where dots are printed instead of filenames. (Used with all flags.)
</TABLE>
<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>RELATED COMMAND</I></B></FONT></P>
<DL>
<DD><B>tar</B>
</DL>
<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B>cron......<TT>Cron Daemon</TT></B></FONT></P>
<P><B>crond</B> <I>option(s)</I></P>
<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>PURPOSE</I></B></FONT></P>
<P>The <B>crond</B> command launches the <B>cron</B> daemon, which scans <B>crontab</B> files and runs their commands at the appropriate times. The <B>cron</B> system is a way to set up tasks so that they regularly occur.</P>
<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>OPTIONS</I></B></FONT></P>
<TABLE WIDTH="100%">
<TR>
<TD WIDTH="30%" VALIGN="TOP"><B>-b</B>
<TD WIDTH="70%">Runs <B>crond</B> in the background; default unless <B>-d</B> is specified.
<TR>
<TD><B>-c <I>directory</I></B>
<TD>Specifies the directory containing <B>crontab</B> files.
<TR>
<TD><B>-d[<I>debuglevel</I>]</B>
<TD>Sets the debugging level; the default is zero.
<TR>
<TD><B>-f</B>
<TD>Runs <B>crond</B> in the foreground.
<TR>
<TD><B>-l<I>loglevel</I></B>
<TD>Sets the logging level; the default is 8.
</TABLE>
<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B>ctlinnd......<TT>Control InterNetNews</TT></B></FONT></P>
<P><B>ctlinnd</B> <I>option(s)</I></P>
<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>PURPOSE</I></B></FONT></P>
<P>The <B>ctlinnd</B> command sends a message to the control channel of <B>innd</B>, the InterNetNews server. In the normal mode of behavior, the message is sent to the server, which then performs the requested action and sends back a reply with a text message and the exit code for <B>ctlinnd</B>.</P>
<P>There is a long list of options and commands associated with this command; check the online-manual pages for more information.</P>
<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>RELATED COMMAND</I></B></FONT></P>
<DL>
<DD><B>innd</B>
</DL>
<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B>df......<TT>Disk Free</TT></B></FONT></P>
<P><B>df</B> <I>option(s) disk_device</I></P>
<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>PURPOSE</I></B></FONT></P>
<P>The <B>df</B> command returns the amount of free disk space on your Linux system, either across all mounted hard-disk systems or on a specific <I>disk_device</I>. The <I>disk_device</I> must be a device name (like <B>/dev/hd1</B>, <B>/dev/hd2</B>, et al) or a specific directory (like <B>/bin</B>). The space is shown in 1K blocks.</P>
<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>OPTIONS</I></B></FONT></P>
<TABLE WIDTH="100%">
<TR>
<TD WIDTH="20%" VALIGN="TOP"><B>-a</B>
<TD WIDTH="80%">Reports on all filesystems, even those with 0 blocks (empty filesystems).
<TR>
<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>-i</B>
<TD>Reports in inode format: used, free, and percent-used inodes.
<TR>
<TD><B>-P</B>
<TD>Reports in POSIX format: one line per filesystem.
<TR>
<TD><B>-t <I>type</I></B>
<TD>Reports on a <I>type</I> of device.
<TR>
<TD><B>-T</B>
<TD>Returns the <I>type</I> of each filesystem.
<TR>
<TD><B>-x <I>type</I></B>
<TD>Excludes <I>type</I> of device.
</TABLE>
<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>RELATED COMMAND</I></B></FONT></P>
<DL>
<DD><B>du</B>
</DL>
<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B>diskd......<TT>Disk Daemon</TT></B></FONT></P>
<P><B>diskd</B> <I>option(s)</I></P>
<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>PURPOSE</I></B></FONT></P>
<P>The <B>diskd</B> daemon waits for a disk to be inserted into a specified drive, and then either runs a command or exits. This is useful when you want to automatically mount a disk as soon as it is inserted.</P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<P><FONT SIZE="-1"><HR><B>WARNING: </B>Using this command repeatedly over a long period of time is known to cause hardware damage in the long run.<HR></FONT>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>OPTIONS</I></B></FONT></P>
<TABLE WIDTH="100%">
<TR>
<TD WIDTH="30%" VALIGN="TOP"><B>-d <I>drive</I></B>
<TD WIDTH="70%">Specifies the drive to be observed. The default is drive 0 (<B>/dev/fd0</B>).
<TR>
<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>-i <I>interval</I></B>
<TD>Sets the polling interval, in tenths of a second. The default is 10 (one second).
<TR>
<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>-e <I>command</I></B>
<TD>Specifies the <I>command</I> to be executed after the disk is inserted.
</TABLE>
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