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<TITLE>Linux in Plain English:Linux Commands Organized by Group</TITLE>

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<!--ISBN=1558285423//-->

<!--TITLE=Linux in Plain English//-->

<!--AUTHOR=Patrick Volkerding//-->

<!--AUTHOR=Kevin Reichard//-->

<!--PUBLISHER=IDG Books Worldwide, Inc.//-->

<!--IMPRINT=M & T Books//-->

<!--CHAPTER=5//-->

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<P><BR></P>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B>grops......<TT>Groff for PostScript</TT></B></FONT></P>

<P><B>grops</B> <I>option(s) filename(s)</I></P>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>PURPOSE</I></B></FONT></P>

<P>The <B>grops</B> command is a PostScript driver for <B>groff</B>. It&#146;s a somewhat redundant command, since the default output for <B>groff</B> is PostScript.</P>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>OPTIONS</I></B></FONT></P>

<TABLE WIDTH="100%">

<TR>

<TD WIDTH="25%" VALIGN="TOP"><B>-b<I>n</I></B>

<TD WIDTH="75%">Works with previewers and spoolers that don&#146;t conform to the Document Structuring Conventions 3.0. The <I>n</I> specifies how <B>grops</B> deals with this; see the online manual pages for the specific values.

<TR>

<TD><B>-c<I>n</I></B>

<TD>Prints <I>n</I> copies of each page.

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>-F<I>dir</I></B>

<TD>Searches directory <B><I>dir/devname</I></B> for font and device-description files.

<TR>

<TD><B>-g</B>

<TD>Guesses the page length.

<TR>

<TD><B>-l</B>

<TD>Prints the document with a landscape orientation.

<TR>

<TD><B>-m</B>

<TD>Turns on manual feed.

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>-w<I>n</I></B>

<TD>Sets the default line thickness to <I>n</I> thousandths of an em.

</TABLE>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>RELATED COMMANDS</I></B></FONT></P>

<DL>

<DD><B>eqn</B>

<DD><B>groff</B>

<DD><B>tfmtodit</B>

<DD><B>troff</B>

</DL>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B>grotty......<TT>Groff for Typewriters</TT></B></FONT></P>

<P><B>grotty</B> <I>option(s) filename(s)</I></P>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>PURPOSE</I></B></FONT></P>

<P>The <B>grotty</B> command formats output for a typewriter-type device.</P>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>OPTIONS</I></B></FONT></P>

<TABLE WIDTH="100%">

<TR>

<TD WIDTH="25%"><B>-b</B>

<TD WIDTH="75%">Suppresses overstriking for bold characters.

<TR>

<TD><B>-B</B>

<TD>Uses overstriking for bold-italic characters.

<TR>

<TD><B>-d</B>

<TD>Ignores all <B>\D</B> commands.

<TR>

<TD><B>-f</B>

<TD>Uses form feeds.

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>-F<I>dir</I></B>

<TD>Searches directory <B><I>dir/devname</I></B> for font and device-description files.

<TR>

<TD><B>-h</B>

<TD>Imposes horizontal tabs.

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>-o</B>

<TD>Suppresses overstriking, other than for bold or underlined characters.

<TR>

<TD><B>-u</B>

<TD>Suppresses underlining for italic characters.

<TR>

<TD><B>-U</B>

<TD>Uses underlining for bold-italic characters.

</TABLE>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>RELATED COMMANDS</I></B></FONT></P>

<DL>

<DD><B>eqn</B>

<DD><B>groff</B>

<DD><B>tfmtodit</B>

<DD><B>troff</B>

</DL>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B>head......<TT>Display Top of File</TT></B></FONT></P>

<P><B>head</B> <I>option file(s)</I></P>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>PURPOSE</I></B></FONT></P>

<P>The <B>head</B> command displays the beginning of a file. The default is 10 lines. If you specify more than one file, a header will be placed at the beginning of each file.</P>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>OPTIONS</I></B></FONT></P>

<TABLE WIDTH="100%">

<TR>

<TD WIDTH="25%"><B>-c <I>num</I></B>

<TD WIDTH="75%">Prints the first <I>num</I> bytes of the file.

<TR>

<TD><B>-c <I>num</I>k</B>

<TD>Prints the first <I>num</I> kilobytes of the file.

<TR>

<TD><B>-c <I>num</I>m</B>

<TD>Prints the first <I>num</I> megabytes of the file.

<TR>

<TD><B>-n <I>num</I></B>

<TD>Prints the first <I>num</I> lines of the file.

<TR>

<TD><B>-v</B>

<TD>Prints a header at the beginning of each file.

</TABLE>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B>ispell......<TT>Spelling Checker</TT></B></FONT></P>

<IMG SRC="images/05-113i.jpg"><P><B>ispell</B> <I>option(s) file(s)</I></P>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>PURPOSE</I></B></FONT></P>

<P>The <B>ispell</B> command checks the spellings of words in a <I>file</I> or <I>files</I> against the system dictionary. If <B>ispell</B> runs across a word not in the dictionary, it asks you what to do with the word and displays correctly spelled words, at which point you enter a command. The <B>ispell</B> command also creates a personal dictionary file that&#146;s also checked, allowing you to place frequently used words there. (You cannot change the system dictionary file.) If you override the <B>ispell</B> suggestion, the word is then added to a personal dictionary.</P>

<P>The <B>ispell</B> command is used as the spelling checker in the <B>emacs</B> text editor.</P>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>OPTIONS</I></B></FONT></P>

<TABLE WIDTH="100%">

<TR>

<TD WIDTH="25%" VALIGN="TOP"><B>-b</B>

<TD WIDTH="75%">Creates a backup file, adding <I>.bak</I> to the original filename.

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>-B</B>

<TD>Searches for missing blank spaces, where words are jammed together (concatenated).

<TR>

<TD><B>-C</B>

<TD>Ignores concatenated strings.

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>-d <I>file</I></B>

<TD>Uses <I>file</I> as the dictionary file, instead of the standard <B>ispell</B> dictionary.

<TR>

<TD><B>-L <I>num</I></B>

<TD>Shows <I>num</I> lines around the misspelled word.

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>-M</B>

<TD>Displays interactive commands at the bottom of the screen.

<TR>

<TD><B>-N</B>

<TD>Suppresses display of interactive commands.

<TR>

<TD><B>-n</B>

<TD>Checks the spelling of <B>nroff</B> or <B>troff</B> files.

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>-p <I>file</I></B>

<TD>Uses <I>file</I> as the personal dictionary file, instead of your standard <B>ispell</B> personal dictionary.

<TR>

<TD><B>-P</B>

<TD>Suppresses suggestion of root/affix combinations.

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>-S</B>

<TD>Sorts replacement words by level of likelihood of correctness.

<TR>

<TD><B>-t</B>

<TD>Checks the spelling of <B>tex</B> or <B>latex</B> files.

<TR>

<TD><B>-T <I>type</I></B>

<TD>Assumes that files are formatted by <I>type</I>.

<TR>

<TD><B>-w <I>chars</I></B>

<TD>Exempts <I>chars</I> from the spelling check.

<TR>

<TD><B>-W <I>num</I></B>

<TD>Skips words that are <I>num</I> characters or less.

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>-V</B>

<TD>Displays control characters in hat notation (<B>^C</B>, for example) and <B>-</B> to denote high bits.

</TABLE>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>COMMANDS</I></B></FONT></P>

<TABLE WIDTH="100%">

<TR>

<TD WIDTH="25%" VALIGN="TOP"><B>a</B>

<TD WIDTH="75%">Designates the word as spelled correctly, but doesn&#146;t add it to the personal dictionary.

<TR>

<TD><B>i</B>

<TD>Adds the word to your personal dictionary.

<TR>

<TD><B>l</B>

<TD>Searches the system dictionary.

<TR>

<TD><B>q</B>

<TD>Quits <B>ispell</B> without saving the spelling changes.

<TR>

<TD><B>r</B>

<TD>Replaces the word with the suggestion.

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>u</B>

<TD>Adds a lowercase version of the word to your personal dictionary.

<TR>

<TD><B>x</B>

<TD>Skips to the next file when multiple files are designated.

<TR>

<TD><B><I>number</I></B>

<TD>Replaces misspelled word with <I>number</I> word.

<TR>

<TD><B>!<I>command</I></B>

<TD>Runs <I>command</I> after launching a shell.

</TABLE>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>RELATED COMMAND</I></B></FONT></P>

<DL>

<DD><B>wc</B>

</DL>

<P><BR></P>

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