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<TITLE>Linux in Plain English:Linux Commands Organized by Group</TITLE>

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<!--ISBN=1558285423//-->

<!--TITLE=Linux in Plain English//-->

<!--AUTHOR=Patrick Volkerding//-->

<!--AUTHOR=Kevin Reichard//-->

<!--PUBLISHER=IDG Books Worldwide, Inc.//-->

<!--IMPRINT=M & T Books//-->

<!--CHAPTER=5//-->

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<P><BR></P>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>COMMANDS</I></B></FONT></P>

<TABLE WIDTH="100%">

<TR>

<TD WIDTH="25%"><B>h</B>

<TD WIDTH="75%">Displays Help information.

<TR>

<TD><B>Space, Ctrl-V,</B><BR><B>f, Ctrl-F</B>

<TD>Scrolls forward the default number of lines (one window; this can be changed by the <B>-z</B> option)..

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>z <I>num</I></B>

<TD>Scrolls forward the default number of lines; if <I>num</I> is specified, then it becomes the new window size.

<TR>

<TD><B>Enter, Ctrl-N, e,</B><BR><B>Ctrl-E, j, Ctrl-J</B>

<TD VALIGN="TOP">Scrolls forward one line.

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>d, Ctrl-D <I>num</I></B>

<TD>Scrolls forward one-half of the screen; if <I>num</I> is specified, <B>less</B> scrolls forward that number of lines, and it becomes the default.

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>b, Ctrl-B, Esc-v</B>

<TD>Scrolls backward the default number of lines (one window; this can be changed by the <B>-z</B> option or <B>w</B> command).

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>w <I>num</I></B>

<TD>Scrolls backward the default number of lines (one window; this can be changed by specifying <I>num</I>).

<TR>

<TD><B>y, Ctrl-Y, Ctrl-P,</B><BR><B>k, Ctrl-K</B>

<TD VALIGN="TOP">Scrolls backward the default number of lines (one).

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>u, Ctrl-U <I>num</I></B>

<TD>Scrolls backward the default number of lines (one-half of one screen). If <I>num</I> is specified, it becomes the default for the <B>d</B> and <B>u</B> commands.

<TR>

<TD><B>r, Ctrl-R, Ctrl-L</B>

<TD>Redraws the screen.

<TR>

<TD><B>R</B>

<TD>Redraws the screen and discards the input in the buffer.

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>F</B>

<TD>Scrolls forward, even when the end of the file is reached (similar to <B>tail -f</B>).

<TR>

<TD><B>g, &lt;, Esc-&lt;</B>

<TD>Scrolls to the beginning of the file.

<TR>

<TD><B>G, &gt;, Esc-&gt;</B>

<TD>Scrolls to the end of the file.

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>p, % <I>num</I></B>

<TD>Scrolls to a position <I>num</I> percent into the file. <I>Num</I> must be between 0 and 100.

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>&#123;</B>

<TD>Scrolls to the matching <B>&#125;</B> if <B>&#123;</B> appears in the top line of the screen.

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>&#125;</B>

<TD>Scrolls back to the matching <B>&#123;</B> if <B>&#125;</B> appears in the top line of the screen.

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>(</B>

<TD>Scrolls to the matching <B>)</B> if <B>(</B> appears in the top line of the screen.

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>)</B>

<TD>Scrolls back to the matching <B>(</B> if <B>)</B> appears in the top line of the screen.

<TR>

<TD><B>[</B>

<TD>Scrolls to the matching <B>]</B> if <B>[</B> appears in the top line of the screen.

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>]</B>

<TD>Scrolls back to the matching <B>[</B> if <B>]</B> appears in the top line of the screen.

<TR>

<TD><B>Esc-Ctrl-F</B><BR>the <B><I>char1 char2</I></B>

<TD>Scrolls to the matching <I>char2</I> if <I>char1</I> appears in top line of the screen.

<TR>

<TD><B>Esc-Ctrl-B</B><BR><B><I>char1 char2</I></B>

<TD>Scrolls back to the matching <I>char1</I> if <I>char2</I> appears in the top line of the screen.

<TR>

<TD><B>m <I>letter</I></B>

<TD>Marks the current position with lowercase <I>letter</I>.

<TR>

<TD>&#145; <B><I>letter</I></B>

<TD>Returns to the position marked with lowercase <I>letter</I>.

<TR>

<TD><B>Ctrl-X Ctrl-X</B>

<TD>Returns to the position marked with lowercase <I>letter</I>.

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>/<I>pattern</I></B>

<TD>Searches for next occurrence of <I>pattern</I>, starting at the second displayed line.

<TR>

<TD><B>/!<I>pattern</I></B>

<TD>Searches for lines that do not contain <I>pattern</I>.

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>/*<I>pattern</I></B>

<TD>Searches for next occurrence of <I>pattern</I>, starting at the second displayed line, and extending the search through the next files in the command-line list.

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>/&#64;<I>pattern</I></B>

<TD>Searches for next occurrence of <I>pattern</I>, starting at the first line of the first file listed on the command line.

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>?<I>pattern</I></B>

<TD>Searches backward in the file for the next occurrence of <I>pattern</I>, starting with the line immediately before the top line of the screen.

<TR>

<TD><B>?!<I>pattern</I></B>

<TD>Searches backward for lines that do not contain <I>pattern</I>.

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>?*<I>pattern</I></B>

<TD>Searches backward for next occurrence of <I>pattern</I>, starting at the line immediately before the top line of the screen, and extending the search backwards through the previous files in the command-line list.

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>?&#64;<I>pattern</I></B>

<TD>Searches for next occurrence of <I>pattern</I>, starting at the last line of the last file listed on the command line.

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>Esc-/<I>pattern</I></B>

<TD>Searches for next occurrence of <I>pattern</I>, starting at the second displayed line, and extending the search through the next files in the command-line list.

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>Esc-*<I>pattern</I></B>

<TD>Searches backward for next occurrence of <I>pattern</I>, starting at the line immediately before the top line of the screen, and extending the search backwards through the previous files in the command-line list.

<TR>

<TD><B>n</B>

<TD>Repeats the previous search.

<TR>

<TD><B>N</B>

<TD>Repeats the previous search, but in the reverse direction.

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>Esc-n</B>

<TD>Repeats the previous search and extends the search to files specified on the command line.

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>Esc-N</B>

<TD>Repeats the previous search, but in the reverse direction, and extends the search to files specified on the command line.

<TR>

<TD><B>Esc-u</B>

<TD>Turns off highlighting of patterns matched by the searches.

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>:e <I>filename</I></B>

<TD>Opens a new <I>filename</I>. If no new file is specified, the current file is reloaded.

<TR>

<TD><B>Ctrl-X, Ctrl-V,</B><BR><B>E <I>filename</I></B>

<TD>Opens a new <I>filename</I>. If no new file is specified, the current file is reloaded.

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>:n <I>num</I></B>

<TD>Opens the next file on the command line. If <I>num</I> is present, then that number of file(s) on the command line will be opened.

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>:p <I>num</I></B>

<TD>Opens the previous file on the command line. If <I>num</I> is present, then that number of previous file on the command line will be opened.

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>:x <I>num</I></B>

<TD>Opens the first file on the command line. If <I>num</I> is present, then that number of file on the command line will be opened.

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>=, Ctrl-G, :f</B>

<TD>Returns information about the file being viewed: name, line number, byte offset of the bottom line being displayed, length of the file, the number of lines in the file and the percent of the file above the last displayed line.

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>-<I>option</I></B>

<TD>Changes a command-line option while <B>less</B> is running. If a value is required, you are asked for it; if no new value is entered, the current value is displayed.

<TR>

<TD><B>-&#43;<I>option</I></B>

<TD>Resets a command-line option to default value.

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>--<I>option</I></B>

<TD>Resets a command-line option to the opposite of the default value. Useless when working with options that require numerical or string-based input.

<TR>

<TD>_<B><I>option</I></B>

<TD>Returns the current value of <I>option</I>.

<TR>

<TD><B>&#43;<I>command</I></B>

<TD>Runs <I>command</I> every time a new file is loaded.

<TR>

<TD><B>V</B>

<TD>Prints version number.

<TR>

<TD><B>q, :q, :Q, ZZ</B>

<TD>Quits <B>less</B>.

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>v</B>

<TD>Launches an editor (defined by VISUAL or EDITOR) to edit the current file.

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>! <I>shell-command</I></B>

<TD>Runs the specified <I>shell-command</I>. To list the current file in the command, use the percent sign (<B>%</B>). To list the previously viewed command in the command line, use the pound sign (<B>#</B>). To repeat the previous shell command, use <B>!!</B> . To launch a shell with no command, use <B>!</B> .

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>| <I>mark_letter</I></B><BR><B><I>shell-command</I></B>

<TD>Uses <I>mark_letter</I> to send a section of the file via pipe to the specified <I>shell-command</I>. (Use the <B>m <I>letter</I></B> command to mark a file.) The beginning of the section is the top of the screen, while the end of the section is the <I>mark-letter</I>.

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