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<!--ISBN=1558285423//-->

<!--TITLE=Linux in Plain English//-->

<!--AUTHOR=Patrick Volkerding//-->

<!--AUTHOR=Kevin Reichard//-->

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<P><BR></P>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B>xargs......<TT>Build Command Lines</TT></B></FONT></P>

<IMG SRC="images/05-36i.jpg"><P><B>xargs</B> <I>option(s) command</I></P>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>PURPOSE</I></B></FONT></P>

<P>The <B>xargs</B> command reads arguments from standard input, delimited by blanks (protected with double or single quotes or a backslash) or newlines, and executes the <I>command</I> (if none is specified, <B>/bin/echo</B> will be run) one or more times with any <I>initial-arguments</I> followed by arguments read from standard input. Blank lines on the standard input are ignored. It exists with the following status:</P>

<TABLE WIDTH="100%"><TR>

<TD WIDTH="20%"><I>0</I>

<TD WIDTH="80%">successful

<TR>

<TD><I>123</I>

<TD>the command exits with status 1&#150;125

<TR>

<TD><I>124</I>

<TD>the command exits with status 255

<TR>

<TD><I>125</I>

<TD>the command is killed by a signal

<TR>

<TD><I>126</I>

<TD>the command cannot be run

<TR>

<TD><I>127</I>

<TD>the command is not found

<TR>

<TD><I>1</I>

<TD>another error occurred

</TABLE>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>OPTIONS</I></B></FONT></P>

<TABLE WIDTH="100%">

<TR>

<TD WIDTH="45%" VALIGN="TOP"><B>-0, --null</B>

<TD WIDTH="55%">Filenames are terminated by null characters instead of whitespace, and the quotes and backslash characters are not special characters.

<TR>

<TD><B>-e[<I>eof-str</I>], --eof[<I>=eof-str</I>]</B>

<TD VALIGN="TOP">Sets the end-of-file string to <I>eof-str</I>.

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>-i[<I>replace-str</I>], --replace [<I>=replace-str</I>]</B>

<TD>Replaces occurrences of <I>replace-str</I> in the initial arguments with names read from standard input.

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>-l[<I>max-lines</I>], --max-lines[=<I>max-lines</I>]</B>

<TD>Uses <I>max-lines</I> nonblank input lines per command line; the default is one.

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>-n <I>max-args</I>, --</B>

<TD>Use <I>max-args</I> arguments per command line. <B>max-args=max-args</B>

<TR>

<TD><B>-p, --interactive</B>

<TD>Prompts the user before each command is run.

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>-P <I>max-procs</I>, --max-procs=<I>max-procs</I></B>

<TD>Runs up to <B><I>max-procs</I></B> processes at a time; the default is one.

<TR>

<TD><B>-r, --no-run-if-empty</B>

<TD>Commands without nonblanks are not run.

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>-s <I>max-chars</I>, --max-chars=<I>max-chars</I></B>

<TD>Uses <I>max-chars</I> characters per command line, including the command and initial arguments and the terminating nulls at the ends of the argument strings.

<TR>

<TD><B>-x, &#151;exit</B>

<TD>Exits if the size (as set by <B>-s</B>) is exceeded.

</TABLE>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B>xauth......<TT>X Authority Info</TT></B></FONT></P>

<IMG SRC="images/05-37i.jpg"><P><B>xauth</B> <I>option(s) command arg...</I></P>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>PURPOSE</I></B></FONT></P>

<P>The <B>xauth</B> command displays and edits the authorization information used in connecting to the X server. This program doesn&#146;t actually contact the X server or create the authority information itself.</P>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>OPTIONS</I></B></FONT></P>

<TABLE WIDTH="100%">

<TR>

<TD WIDTH="20%" VALIGN="TOP"><B>-b</B>

<TD WIDTH="80%">Breaks authority file locks before proceeding. This option is used to clean up stale locks.

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>-f <I>authfile</I></B>

<TD>Sets the authority file to use. The default is the file listed with the XAUTHORITY environment variable or the <B>.Xauthority</B> file in the user&#146;s home directory.

<TR>

<TD><B>-i</B>

<TD>Overrides authority file locks.

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>-q</B>

<TD>Works in quiet mode and doesn&#146;t print unsolicited status messages.

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>-v</B>

<TD>Works in verbose mode, printing status messages indicating the results of various operations.

</TABLE>

<P>There is a long list of commands for manipulating authority files; see the online-manual pages for details.

</P>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B>xcalc......<TT>X Calculator</TT></B></FONT></P>

<IMG SRC="images/05-38i.jpg"><P><B>xcalc</B> <I>option(s)</I></P>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>PURPOSE</I></B></FONT></P>

<P>The <B>xcalc</B> command launches a scientific calculator. It emulates a TI-30 or an HP-10C.</P>

<P>There are a number of user commands available after this program is launched; see the online-manual pages for details.</P>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>OPTIONS</I></B></FONT></P>

<TABLE WIDTH="100%">

<TR>

<TD WIDTH="20%" VALIGN="TOP"><B>-rpn</B>

<TD WIDTH="80%">Uses Reverse Polish Notation, which emulates an HP-10C; if this is not set, the emulation is TI-30.

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>-stipple</B>

<TD>Uses a stipple of the foreground and background colors for the background of the calculator; useful for monochrome displays.

</TABLE>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B>xclipboard......<TT>Display X Clipboard</TT></B></FONT></P>

<P><B>xclipboard</B> <I>option(s)</I></P>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>PURPOSE</I></B></FONT></P>

<P>The <B>xclipboard</B> command displays the contents of the clipboard, which contains text selections typically copied there by other applications. A clipboard is how applications can cut and paste within the application and with other applications; text is copied first to the clipboard and then copied from there.</P>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>OPTIONS</I></B></FONT></P>

<TABLE WIDTH="100%">

<TR>

<TD WIDTH="20%" VALIGN="TOP"><B>-w</B>

<TD WIDTH="80%">Wraps lines that are too long to be displayed in one line in the clipboard.

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>-nw</B>

<TD>Does not wrap lines that are too long to be displayed in one line in the clipboard.

</TABLE>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>RELATED COMMANDS</I></B></FONT></P>

<DL>

<DD><B>X</B>

<DD><B>xcutsel</B>

</DL>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B>xclock......<TT>X Clock</TT></B></FONT></P>

<IMG SRC="images/05-39i.jpg"><P><B>xclock</B> <I>option(s)</I></P>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>PURPOSE</I></B></FONT></P>

<P>The <B>xclock</B> command launches an analog or digital clock.</P>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>OPTIONS</I></B></FONT></P>

<TABLE WIDTH="100%">

<TR>

<TD WIDTH="25%" VALIGN="TOP"><B>-analog</B>

<TD WIDTH="75%">Displays the time with a standard 12-hour analog clock face, with tick marks and hands.

<TR>

<TD><B>-d, -digital</B>

<TD>Displays the time with 24-hour digits.

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>-chime</B>

<TD>Sets a chime for once on the half hour and twice on the hour.

<TR>

<TD><B>-hd <I>color</I></B>

<TD>Sets the color of the hands on an analog clock.

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>-hl <I>color</I></B>

<TD>Sets the color of the edges of the hands on an analog clock.

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>-update <I>seconds</I></B>

<TD>Sets how often the clock should be updated, in <I>seconds</I>. When a clock is obscured by another window, it is not updated. If <I>seconds</I> is 30 or less, a seconds hand will be displayed on an analog clock. The default is 60 seconds.

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>-padding <I>number</I></B>

<TD>Sets the width (in pixels) of the padding between the window border and the clock text or picture. The default is 10 on a digital clock and 8 on an analog clock.

</TABLE>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>RELATED COMMAND</I></B></FONT></P>

<DL>

<DD><B>oclock</B>

</DL>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B>xcmap......<TT>Display Colormap</TT></B></FONT></P>

<IMG SRC="images/05-40i.jpg"><P><B>xcmap</B> <I>option(s)</I></P>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>PURPOSE</I></B></FONT></P>

<P>The <B>xcmap</B> command displays the contents of the X color in a grid of squares corresponding to entries in the colormap.</P><P><BR></P>

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