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<TITLE>Linux in Plain English:Linux Commands Organized by Group</TITLE>

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<!--ISBN=1558285423//-->

<!--TITLE=Linux in Plain English//-->

<!--AUTHOR=Patrick Volkerding//-->

<!--AUTHOR=Kevin Reichard//-->

<!--PUBLISHER=IDG Books Worldwide, Inc.//-->

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<P><BR></P>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B>innd......<TT>InterNetNews Daemon</TT></B></FONT></P>

<P><B>innd</B> <I>option(s)</I></P>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>PURPOSE</I></B></FONT></P>

<P>The <B>innd</B> command launches the InterNetNews daemon, which handles all incoming NNTP feeds. It reads the <B>active</B>, <B>newsfeeds</B>, and <B>hosts.nntp</B> files into memory. It then opens the NNTP port to receive articles from remote sites and a named pipe for use by <B>ctlinnd</B> to direct the server to perform certain actions. It also opens the <B>history</B> database and two log files to replace its standard output and standard error.</P>

<P>Once the files and sockets are opened, <B>innd</B> waits for connections and data to be ready on its ports by using <B>select</B> and nonblocking I/O. If no data is available, then it will flush its in-core data structures.</P>

<P>Configuring this command can be a complicated affair; check the online-manual pages for more information.</P>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B>lilo......<TT>Linux Loader</TT></B></FONT></P>

<P><B>lilo</B> <I>option(s)</I></P>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>PURPOSE</I></B></FONT></P>

<P>The <B>lilo</B> command installs the Linux boot loader, which controls how Linux boots. Formerly, when you wanted to use Linux on a system in conjunction with other operating systems, you&#146;d install <B>lilo</B> to make sure that the preferred operating system&#151;or a preferred kernel, for that matter&#151;was loaded. Today, there are other boot tools that work better than <B>lilo</B>. <SMALL><B>WARNING</B></SMALL>: If you&#146;re a new user, don&#146;t use <B>lilo</B> as a boot manager.</P>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>OPTIONS</I></B></FONT></P>

<TABLE WIDTH="100%">

<TR>

<TD WIDTH="30%" VALIGN="TOP"><B>-v</B>

<TD WIDTH="70%">Runs in verbose mode, providing more information about its activity.

<TR>

<TD><B>-q</B>

<TD>Lists the currently map files from <B>/boot/map</B>.

<TR>

<TD><B>-m <I>map-file</I>b</B>

<TD>Uses <I>map-file</I> instead of the default map file.

<TR>

<TD><B>-C <I>config-file</I></B>

<TD>Specifies a configuration other than the default.

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>-d <I>delay</I></B>

<TD>Waits <I>delay</I> deciseconds before loading the first kernel on the list.

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>-D <I>label</I></B>

<TD>Uses the kernel with <I>label</I>, instead of the first one on the list, as the default kernel to boot.

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>-r <I>root-directory</I></B>

<TD>Performs a <B>chroot</B> to <I>root-directory</I>; used when repairing a setup from a boot floppy.

<TR>

<TD><B>-t</B>

<TD>Tests without writing a new boot sector or map file.

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>-c</B>

<TD>Turns on map compaction, which merges read requests from adjacent sectors.

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>-f <I>disk-tab</I></B>

<TD>Sets the disk-geometry parameter file; the default is <B>/etc/disktab</B>.)

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>-i boot-sector</B>

<TD>Sets a new boot-sector file; the default is <B>/boot/boot.b</B>.)

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>-l</B>

<TD>Generates linear sector addresses instead of sector/head/cylinder addresses.

<TR>

<TD><B>-P &#123;fix|ignore&#125;</B>

<TD>Fixes or ignores corrupt partition tables.

<TR>

<TD><B>-s <I>save-file</I></B>

<TD>Saves old boot-sector information in <I>save-file</I>.

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>-S <I>save-file</I></B>

<TD>Saves old boot-sector information in <I>save-file</I>, overwriting if it already exists.

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>-u <I>device-name</I></B>

<TD>Uninstalls LILO by copying <I>device-name</I> (a saved boot record) back, and checks the time-stamp.

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>-U <I>device-name</I></B>

<TD>Uninstalls LILO by copying <I>device-name</I> (a saved boot record) back, but does not check the time-stamp.

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>-R <I>command line</I></B>

<TD>Sets a default <I>command line</I> for the boot loader the next time it executes.

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>-I <I>label</I></B>

<TD>Specifies the pathname of the running kernel, as specified with <I>label</I>.

</TABLE>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B>makefloppies......<TT>Floppy Nodes</TT></B></FONT></P>

<P><B>makefloppies</B> <I>option(s)</I></P>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>PURPOSE</I></B></FONT></P>

<P>The <B>makefloppies</B> shell script creates a new floppy block device files. It uses the <B>floppycontrol</B> program to translate the minor device numbers into meaningful names. It also uses these names to decide whether to create a given block device file or not, depending on the type of the physical drive.</P>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>OPTIONS</I></B></FONT></P>

<TABLE WIDTH="100%">

<TR>

<TD WIDTH="20%"><B>-l</B>

<TD WIDTH="80%">Works with a local directory, not <B>/dev</B>.

<TR>

<TD><B>-n</B>

<TD>Reports on what would have been done, but not do it.

<TR>

<TD><B>-t</B>

<TD>Names the devices for drive type, not floppy type.

</TABLE>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>RELATED COMMANDS</I></B></FONT></P>

<DL>

<DD><B>floppycontrol</B>

<DD><B>mtools</B>

<DD><B>rawcmd</B>

<DD><B>setfdprm</B>

<DD><B>superformat</B>

</DL>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B>md5sum......<TT>Checks MD5 Message Digest</TT></B></FONT></P>

<IMG SRC="images/05-153i.jpg"><P><B>md5sum</B> <I>option(s) filename</I></P>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>PURPOSE</I></B></FONT></P>

<P>The <B>md5sum</B> command computes and checks the MD5 message digest. It produces a 128-bit fingerprint or message digest. It also checks whether the message digests are the same where they exist in other files.</P>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>OPTIONS</I></B></FONT></P>

<TABLE WIDTH="100%">

<TR>

<TD WIDTH="25%"><B>-b</B>

<TD WIDTH="75%">Assumes that all files are binary files.

<TR>

<TD VALIGN="TOP"><B>-c <I>file</I></B>

<TD>Checks that the <I>file</I> (the MD5 sum, a binary/text flag, and a filename) is as it should be.

<TR>

<TD><B>-s <I>string</I></B>

<TD>Computes a message digest for <I>string</I>.

<TR>

<TD><B>-t <I>text</I></B>

<TD>Assumes that all files are text files.

</TABLE>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B>mount......<TT>Mount Filesystem</TT></B></FONT></P>

<P><B>mount</B></P>

<P><FONT SIZE="+1"><B><I>PURPOSE</I></B></FONT></P>

<P>The <B>mount</B> command mounts filesystems. This is an involved command meant for use by system administrators; check the online-manual pages for more information.</P><P><BR></P>

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