ch19.htm

linux-unix130.linux.and.unix.ebooks130 linux and unix ebookslinuxLearning Linux - Collection of 12 E

	<TR ALIGN="LEFT" rowspan="1">

		<TD ALIGN="LEFT"><TT>twoside</TT>, <TT>oneside</TT></TD>

		<TD ALIGN="LEFT">Generates double- or single-sided output.</TD>

	</TR>

</TABLE>

</P>

</CENTER>

<P><BR>

Some of the differences between document classes are encapsulated by the defaults

that they use for the options mentioned. For instance, articles and reports are single-sided

by default, whereas books are not. Articles do not use the options for title pages

and starting right-sided chapters because they do not understand what a chapter is.

Thus, the document classes in <TT>LaTeX</TT> are smart enough to do the kind of layout

that you expect for the type of document you need.

<CENTER>

<H4><A NAME="Heading17<FONT COLOR="#000077">Packages</FONT></H4>

</CENTER>

<P><TT>LaTeX</TT> also has the <TT>\usepackage</TT> command, which enables you to

extend the capabilities of <TT>LaTeX</TT> even further by using an external package

of features. The format is as follows:</P>

<PRE><FONT COLOR="#0066FF">\usepackage{package name}

</FONT></PRE>

<P>package name can be any of several available packages. For instance, the <TT>doc</TT>

package is used for the documentation of <TT>LaTeX</TT> programs, and the <TT>makeidx</TT>

package provides support for the production of indexes.</P>

<P>You can also control what page styles <TT>LaTeX</TT> applies to your document

by using the <TT>\pagestyle</TT> command. Table 19.4 describes the basic page styles

available. </P>

<CENTER>

<P><FONT SIZE="4"><B>Table 19.4. Page styles. </B></FONT>

<TABLE BORDER="0">

	<TR ALIGN="LEFT" rowspan="1">

		<TD ALIGN="LEFT"><I>Style</I></TD>

		<TD WIDTH="304" ALIGN="LEFT"><I>Description</I></TD>

	</TR>

	<TR ALIGN="LEFT" rowspan="1">

		<TD ALIGN="LEFT"><TT>empty</TT></TD>

		<TD WIDTH="304" ALIGN="LEFT">Sets the header and footers to be empty.</TD>

	</TR>

	<TR ALIGN="LEFT" rowspan="1">

		<TD ALIGN="LEFT"><TT>headings</TT></TD>

		<TD WIDTH="304" ALIGN="LEFT">Prints the current chapter heading and page number on each page with an empty footer.</TD>

	</TR>

	<TR ALIGN="LEFT" rowspan="1">

		<TD ALIGN="LEFT"><TT>plain</TT></TD>

		<TD WIDTH="304" ALIGN="LEFT">Prints the page number centered in the footer (the default page style).</TD>

	</TR>

</TABLE>

</P>

</CENTER>

<P><BR>

You can also vary page styles in your document using the <TT>\thispagestyle</TT>

command. This applies the supplied page style to the current page only.

<CENTER>

<H4><A NAME="Heading18<FONT COLOR="#000077">Using Special Characters</FONT></H4>

</CENTER>

<P><TT>LaTeX</TT> supports the use of international characters, such as umlauts ([dieresis])

and circumflexes (^). These characters are generated using a command variant on the

letter itself. For example, the text</P>

<PRE><FONT COLOR="#0066FF">What a na\&quot;\i ve ma^itre d' you are!

</FONT></PRE>

<P>produces the following:</P>

<P>What a na&#239;ve ma^itre d' you are!</P>

<P>International spacing can also be applied using the <TT>\frenchspacing</TT> command.

This command tells <TT>LaTeX</TT> not to insert the usual extra space after a period.

<CENTER>

<H4><A NAME="Heading19<FONT COLOR="#000077">Putting Structure into a LaTeX

Document</FONT></H4>

</CENTER>

<P><TT>LaTeX</TT> has commands that make it easy to enhance your document structurally,

thus making it easier for the reader to digest. For the <TT>article</TT> document

class, the commands are <TT>\section</TT>, <TT>\subsection</TT>, <TT>\subsubsection</TT>,

<TT>\paragraph</TT>, <TT>\subparagraph</TT>, and <TT>\appendix</TT>. These commands,

with the exception of <TT>\appendix</TT>, accept titles as arguments, and are declared

before the body of text that they represent. <TT>LaTeX</TT> takes care of the rest;

it sets the appropriate spacing between sections, section numbering, and title font.

The <TT>\appendix</TT> command uses alphabetic increments in order to number succeeding

appendix sections.</P>

<P>For the <TT>report</TT> and <TT>book</TT> classes, there are two additional commands:

<TT>\part</TT> and <TT>\chapter</TT>. The <TT>\part</TT> command enables you to insert

a section without affecting the numbering sequence of the chapters. You can suppress

the appearance of a section in the table of contents by inserting a <TT>*</TT> character

in the section command, as in the following:</P>

<PRE><FONT COLOR="#0066FF">\section*{I don't want to know about it}

</FONT></PRE>

<P>You probably want to add a title to your document. This is done by specifying

the arguments to the title commands and then calling the <TT>\maketitle</TT> command:</P>

<PRE><FONT COLOR="#0066FF">...

\title{Confessions of a LaTeX Enthusiast}

\author{Me}

\date

\begin{document}

\maketitle

...

</FONT></PRE>

<P>To insert a table of contents in your document, issue the <TT>\tableofcontents</TT>

command (big surprise) at the point where you want the table to appear. When you

process your document with <TT>LaTeX</TT>, it needs two passes: one to make note

of all the section numbers, and the other to build the table of contents from the

information it collected in the first pass.

<CENTER>

<H4><A NAME="Heading20<FONT COLOR="#000077">Adding Other Structural Elements</FONT></H4>

</CENTER>

<P>You can add cross-references to your document, which tie associated elements such

as text, figures, and tables to text in other parts of your document. Use the <TT>\label</TT>

command to set a point that you want to refer to, and give it an argument that is

any name you choose. This name can then be referred to by the <TT>\ref</TT> and <TT>\pageref</TT>

commands to generate a cross-reference containing the section number and page number

that the section title appears on.</P>

<P>You can easily add footnotes using the <TT>\footnote</TT> command, which accepts

the text of the footnote as an argument.</P>

<P>Structure is also enhanced by controlling the presentation of the text that appears

between section titles. This can be easily managed by using <TT>LaTeX</TT> environments.

Environments are specified by bounding a portion of text with <TT>\begin</TT> and

<TT>\end</TT> commands, and passing an environment name to each command, as in the

following:</P>

<PRE><FONT COLOR="#0066FF">\begin{hostileenvironment}

Looks like we're surrounded, said Custer.

\end{hostileenvironment}

</FONT></PRE>

<P><TT>LaTeX</TT> has many predefined environments for practical applications, as

described in Table 19.5. </P>

<CENTER>

<P><FONT SIZE="4"><B>Table 19.5. Predefined environments. </B></FONT>

<TABLE BORDER="0" WIDTH="320">

	<TR ALIGN="LEFT" rowspan="1">

		<TD ALIGN="LEFT"><I>Environment</I></TD>

		<TD ALIGN="LEFT"><I>Description</I></TD>

	</TR>

	<TR ALIGN="LEFT" rowspan="1">

		<TD ALIGN="LEFT"><TT>center</TT></TD>

		<TD ALIGN="LEFT">Centers text.</TD>

	</TR>

	<TR ALIGN="LEFT" rowspan="1">

		<TD ALIGN="LEFT"><TT>description</TT></TD>

		<TD ALIGN="LEFT">Used to present descriptive paragraphs.</TD>

	</TR>

	<TR ALIGN="LEFT" rowspan="1">

		<TD ALIGN="LEFT"><TT>enumerate</TT></TD>

		<TD ALIGN="LEFT">Used for numbered or bulleted lists.</TD>

	</TR>

	<TR ALIGN="LEFT" rowspan="1">

		<TD ALIGN="LEFT"><TT>flushleft</TT></TD>

		<TD ALIGN="LEFT">Paragraphs are left-aligned.</TD>

	</TR>

	<TR ALIGN="LEFT" rowspan="1">

		<TD ALIGN="LEFT"><TT>flushright</TT></TD>

		<TD ALIGN="LEFT">Paragraphs are right-aligned.</TD>

	</TR>

	<TR ALIGN="LEFT" rowspan="1">

		<TD ALIGN="LEFT"><TT>itemize</TT></TD>

		<TD ALIGN="LEFT">Used for simple lists.</TD>

	</TR>

	<TR ALIGN="LEFT" rowspan="1">

		<TD ALIGN="LEFT"><TT>quote</TT></TD>

		<TD ALIGN="LEFT">Used to quote single paragraphs.</TD>

	</TR>

	<TR ALIGN="LEFT" rowspan="1">

		<TD ALIGN="LEFT"><TT>quotation</TT></TD>

		<TD ALIGN="LEFT">Used for longer quotes that span several paragraphs.</TD>

	</TR>

	<TR ALIGN="LEFT" rowspan="1">

		<TD ALIGN="LEFT"><TT>tabular</TT></TD>

		<TD ALIGN="LEFT">Typesets tables with optional row and column separators.</TD>

	</TR>

	<TR ALIGN="LEFT" rowspan="1">

		<TD ALIGN="LEFT"><TT>verbatim</TT></TD>

		<TD ALIGN="LEFT">Produces typed text. Useful for representing programming code, for example.</TD>

	</TR>

	<TR ALIGN="LEFT" rowspan="1">

		<TD ALIGN="LEFT"><TT>verse</TT></TD>

		<TD ALIGN="LEFT">Used to control the linebreaks in poems.</TD>

	</TR>

</TABLE>



</CENTER>

<CENTER>

<H4><A NAME="Heading21<FONT COLOR="#000077">Working with Figures and Tables</FONT></H4>

</CENTER>

<P><TT>LaTeX</TT> also supports the variable placement (or &quot;floating&quot;)

of figures and tables in a document using the <TT>table</TT> and <TT>figure</TT>

environments. A figure could be specified as follows:</P>

<PRE><FONT COLOR="#0066FF">

\begin{figure}[!hbp]

\makebox[\textwidth]{\framebox[2in]{\rule{Opt}{2in}}}



\end{figure}

</FONT></PRE>

<P>The options passed to the <TT>\begin{figure}</TT> command are placement specifiers

that indicate your preferences for the location of the figure. <TT>LaTeX</TT> has

to juggle the placement of floating figures and tables in a document by using these

preferences, as well as internal guidelines such as the maximum number of floats

allowed per page. In this example, you told <TT>LaTeX</TT> to keep the figure with

its adjacent text (<TT>h</TT>), at the bottom of the next applicable page (<TT>b</TT>),

or, failing that, on a special page with other floating figures (<TT>p</TT>). The

<TT>!</TT> character overrides <TT>LaTeX</TT>'s best intentions for placing the figure,

which may not necessarily jibe with what you are saying with the other placement

specifiers.</P>

<P>Tables and figures can be labeled using the <TT>\caption</TT> command, which must

be issued within the <TT>table</TT> or <TT>figure</TT> environment.</P>

<P>These are just some of the basics for using <TT>LaTeX</TT>, but hopefully they

are sufficient to give you a place to start on the road to making your documents

more visually appealing. You have probably noticed that <TT>LaTeX</TT> is somewhat

easier to work with than <TT>TeX</TT> itself, because it hides much detail from you

as an author.

<CENTER>

<H3><A NAME="Heading22<FONT COLOR="#000077">VirTeX and IniTeX</FONT></H3>

</CENTER>

<P>Two other <TT>TeX</TT>-related programs work together but perform slightly different

roles. The <TT>IniTeX</TT> program is used to create a <TT>TeX</TT> format (.fmt)

file containing font definitions and macros. The <TT>VirTeX</TT> program can then

quickly load this precompiled format file, much more quickly than <TT>TeX</TT> can.

The command to use a format file is as follows:</P>

<PRE><FONT COLOR="#0066FF">$ virtex \&amp;myformat sometexfile

</FONT></PRE>

<P>The <TT>&amp;</TT> character is necessary for <TT>VirTeX</TT> to recognize that

it is loading a format file first; the <TT>&amp;</TT> must be escaped using the <TT>\</TT>

character so as not to confuse the shell. The difference between <TT>VirTeX</TT>

and <TT>IniTeX</TT> is that <TT>VirTeX</TT> can't be used to create <TT>TeX</TT>

format files, but it executes much faster.

<CENTER>

<H3><A NAME="Heading23<FONT COLOR="#000077">Summary</FONT></H3>

</CENTER>

<P><TT>TeX</TT> is a document-formatting system for Linux that enables authors to

produce their own high-quality publications. It produces documents that are portable

among output devices such as printers or displays. <TT>TeX</TT> supports many typographical

features and is particularly well suited to the formatting of correct mathematical

notation. It has macros that can be used to enhance the power of its basic command

set. <TT>LaTeX</TT>, one of the most popular extensions to <TT>TeX</TT>, uses sophisticated

macros to help you organize and typeset your documents based on its contents.









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