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<H1></H1>



<UL>

	<LI><A HREF="#Heading1">- 23 -</A>

	<UL>

		<LI><A HREF="#Heading2">Using Motif</A>

		<UL>

			<LI><A HREF="#Heading3">CAUTION</A>

			<LI><A HREF="#Heading4">A Brief Introduction to Window Managers and Motif</A>

			<LI>

			<LI><A HREF="#Heading6">NOTE</A>

			<LI><A HREF="#Heading7">Getting Motif for Linux</A>

			<LI><A HREF="#Heading8">NOTE</A>

			<LI><A HREF="#Heading9">General Installation Procedures</A>

			<LI><A HREF="#Heading10">NOTE</A>

			<LI><A HREF="#Heading11">TIP</A>

			<LI><A HREF="#Heading12">Getting Started with X Window</A>

			<LI><A HREF="#Heading13">CAUTION</A>

			<LI><A HREF="#Heading14">Starting X and mwm</A>

			<LI><A HREF="#Heading15">TIP</A>

			<LI><A HREF="#Heading16">Listing 23.1. A sample startx file.</A>

			<LI><A HREF="#Heading17">TIP</A>

			<UL>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading18">FIGURE 23.1.</A>

			</UL>

			<LI><A HREF="#Heading19">Working with Motif Windows in mwm</A>

			<UL>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading20">FIGURE 23.2.</A>

			</UL>

			<LI><A HREF="#Heading21">Using the Pointer</A>

			<UL>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading22">Icons and Windows</A>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading23">Iconifying a Window</A>

				<UL>

					<LI><A HREF="#Heading24">FIGURE 23.3.</A>

				</UL>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading25">Maximizing a Window</A>

			</UL>

			<LI><A HREF="#Heading26">TIP</A>

			<UL>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading27">Sizing a Window</A>

				<UL>

					<LI><A HREF="#Heading28">FIGURE 23.4.</A>

				</UL>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading29">Focus and Selecting a Window</A>

			</UL>

			<LI><A HREF="#Heading30">TIP</A>

			<UL>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading31">Moving a Window or an Icon</A>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading32">Adding a New Window</A>

			</UL>

			<LI><A HREF="#Heading33">NOTE</A>

			<UL>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading34">Window Geometry</A>

				<UL>

					<LI><A HREF="#Heading35">FIGURE 23.5.</A>

				</UL>

			</UL>

			<LI><A HREF="#Heading36">Using the Window Menu</A>

			<LI><A HREF="#Heading37">Using the Keyboard in X and the Meta Key</A>

			<LI><A HREF="#Heading38">NOTE</A>

			<LI><A HREF="#Heading39">Using the Root Menu</A>

			<LI><A HREF="#Heading40">Working with Motif Clients</A>

			<LI><A HREF="#Heading41">NOTE</A>

			<LI><A HREF="#Heading42">NOTE</A>

			<LI><A HREF="#Heading43">NOTE</A>

			<UL>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading44">FIGURE 23.6.</A>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading45">FIGURE 23.7.</A>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading46">FIGURE 23.8.</A>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading47">FIGURE 23.9.</A>

			</UL>

			<LI><A HREF="#Heading48">Other Types of Widgets</A>

			<UL>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading49">Gadgets</A>

			</UL>

			<LI><A HREF="#Heading50">Customizing with Resources</A>

			<UL>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading51">What Are Resources?</A>

			</UL>

			<LI><A HREF="#Heading52">TIP</A>

			<LI><A HREF="#Heading53">Defining Resources</A>

			<LI><A HREF="#Heading54">CAUTION</A>

			<UL>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading55">User and Class Resource Files</A>

			</UL>

			<LI><A HREF="#Heading56">Customizing Motif</A>

			<UL>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading57">Hard-Coding Resource Settings</A>

			</UL>

			<LI><A HREF="#Heading58">Using the Command Line</A>

			<UL>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading59">Using Environment Variables</A>

			</UL>

			<LI><A HREF="#Heading60">Listing an Applications Resources</A>

			<LI><A HREF="#Heading61">Listing 23.2. The manual options for advanced users.</A>

			<LI><A HREF="#Heading62">NOTE</A>

			<UL>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading63">FIGURE 23.10.</A>

			</UL>

			<LI><A HREF="#Heading64">Using the .mwmrc File</A>

			<LI><A HREF="#Heading65">Listing 23.3. A sample .mwmrc file.</A>

			<UL>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading66">Adding Your Own Menu Items</A>

			</UL>

			<LI><A HREF="#Heading67">TIP</A>

			<UL>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading68">More on Button and Key Bindings</A>

			</UL>

			<LI><A HREF="#Heading69">Customizing Your Desktop with Clients</A>

			<UL>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading70">Using xsetroot</A>

			</UL>

			<LI><A HREF="#Heading71">NOTE</A>

			<UL>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading72">Using xset</A>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading73">Getting More Information About Your Display: xdpyinfo</A>

			</UL>

			<LI><A HREF="#Heading74">Listing 23.4. Output from xdpyinfo.</A>

			<UL>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading75">Help for Left-Handed Users: xmodmap</A>

			</UL>

			<LI><A HREF="#Heading76">Useful Command-Line Options</A>

			<LI><A HREF="#Heading77">Logging into Remote Machines</A>

			<LI><A HREF="#Heading78">TIP</A>

			<LI><A HREF="#Heading79">Colors</A>

			<LI><A HREF="#Heading80">Listing 23.5. An excerpt from the rgb.txt file.</A>

			<LI><A HREF="#Heading81">Fonts</A>

			<UL>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading82">Using xlsfonts</A>

			</UL>

			<LI><A HREF="#Heading83">TIP</A>

			<LI><A HREF="#Heading84">TIP</A>

			<UL>

				<LI><A HREF="#Heading85">Using xfontsel</A>

				<UL>

					<LI><A HREF="#Heading86">FIGURE 23.11.</A>

				</UL>

			</UL>

			<LI><A HREF="#Heading87">Where to Go from Here</A>

			<LI><A HREF="#Heading88">Summary</A>

		</UL>

	</UL>

</UL>



<P>

<HR SIZE="4">



<H2 ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="Heading1<FONT COLOR="#000077">- 23 -</FONT></H2>

<H2 ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="Heading2<FONT COLOR="#000077">Using Motif</FONT></H2>

<P><I>by Kamran Husain</I></P>

<P>IN THIS CHAPTER</P>



<UL>

	<LI>Getting Motif for Linux

	<P>

	<LI>General Installation Procedures

	<P>

	<LI>Getting Started with X Window

	<P>

	<LI>Using the Root Menu

	<P>

	<LI>Working with Motif Clients

	<P>

	<LI>Other Types of Widgets

	<P>

	<LI>Customizing with Resources

	<P>

	<LI>Customizing Motif

	<P>

	<LI>Using the Command Line

	<P>

	<LI>Using the .mwmrc File

	<P>

	<LI>Customizing Your Desktop with Clients

	<P>

	<LI>Colors

	<P>

	<LI>Fonts

</UL>



<P><BR>

In this chapter, we will cover the following topics:



<UL>

	<LI>Installing Motif on your Linux machine.

	<P>

	<LI>Some of the basic concepts required for using X Window. Displays, windows, screens,

	and the Client Server Architecture in X are introduced.

	<P>

	<LI>An introduction to Window Managers, specifically the Motif Window Manager (mwm)

	because this is a chapter on Motif!

	<P>

	<LI>Navigating in mwm windows with the keyboard and mouse.

	<P>

	<LI>Widgets and their characteristics.

	<P>

	<LI>Customizing your desktop with resource files and client applications, and how

	to set your environment to your liking.

	<P>

	<LI>Using some standard X tools available in Linux.

</UL>



<P>The following assumptions are made about you, the reader, as we go further into

this chapter:



<UL>

	<LI>You have completely read Chapter 21, &quot;Installing XFree86,&quot; and successfully

	installed X Window on your system.

	<P>

	<LI>You have played at least a little with Linux or UNIX, and know the syntax of

	using some basic UNIX commands such as <TT>find</TT>, <TT>cpio</TT>, <TT>tar</TT>,

	and <TT>ln</TT>.

	<P>

	<LI>You have the X11R6 version of X Window, called XFree86, installed on your machine.

</UL>





<DL>

	<DT></DT>

</DL>





<DL>

	<DD>

<HR>

<A NAME="Heading3<FONT COLOR="#000077"><B>CAUTION:</B> </FONT>As you did with

	XFree86, read this entire chapter thoroughly before proceeding with the installation.

	

<HR>



</DL>



<H3 ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="Heading4<FONT COLOR="#000077">A Brief Introduction

to Window Managers and Motif<A NAME="Heading5</FONT></H3>

<P>How the windows in an X session are arranged is a function of a special program

called the window manager. The window manager controls the look and feel of all the

windows on a particular display. The window manager enables the user to move, restack,

resize, and iconify windows (that is, reduce windows to an icon).</P>

<P>X Window comes with three window managers by default. These managers are called

the Freeware Window Manager (fvwm), the Tab Window Manager (twm), and the Open Look

Window Manager (olwm). The twm is also referred to as Tom's Window Manager, after

its author, Tom LaStrange. Earlier versions of X also offered the Universal Window

Manager (uwm); however, this is no longer offered because it does not conform to

the X Consortium's Inter-Client Communications Conventions Manual (ICCCM) standards.

Refer to Chap- ter 24, &quot;OPEN LOOK and OpenWindows.&quot;</P>

<P>Window managers in X are different from other windowing system managers because

you are allowed to choose whichever manager you like. As long as a manager follows

the ICCCM standard, it can serve as your window manager.</P>

<P>The most prevalent commercial Linux (or UNIX-based) window manager today is the

Motif Window Manager (mwm) from the OSF/Motif distribution. In fact, if you use fvwm,

you see the similarities between fvwm and mwm. The Motif Window Manager is more important

now than ever before, because it has been adopted by Common Open Software Environment

(COSE) as the standard interface for future UNIX GUIs. It's most famous for its borders

around all the windows it displays.</P>

<P>Motif applications look more like a Mayan temple than a menu system. Almost every

item on the screen is rectangular. A rectangular button rests on a rectangular menu