ch09.htm

linux-unix130.linux.and.unix.ebooks130 linux and unix ebookslinuxLearning Linux - Collection of 12 E

<P>GNU <TT>make</TT> adds extensions to the traditional program that is used to manage

dependencies between related files. GNU extensions include long options, parallel

compilation, flexible implicit pattern rules, conditional execution, and powerful-text

manipulation functions. Recent versions have improved error reporting and added support

for the popular <TT>+=</TT> syntax to append more text to a variable's definition.

For further information about <TT>make</TT>, see Chapter 55, &quot;Source Code Control.&quot;

<H4 ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="Heading52<FONT COLOR="#000077">mtools</FONT></H4>

<P><TT>mtools</TT> is a set of public-domain programs that allow Linux systems to

read, write, and manipulate files on an MS-DOS file system (usually a diskette).

<H4 ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="Heading53<FONT COLOR="#000077">MULE</FONT></H4>

<P><TT>MULE</TT> is a MULtilingual Enhancement to GNU <TT>Emacs 18</TT>. It can handle

many character sets at once including Japanese, Chinese, Korean, Vietnamese, Thai,

Greek, the ISO Latin-1 through Latin-5 character sets, Ukrainian, Russian, and other

Cyrillic alphabets. A text buffer in <TT>MULE</TT> can contain a mixture of characters

from these languages. To input any of these characters, you can use various input

methods provided by <TT>MULE</TT> itself.

<H4 ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="Heading54<FONT COLOR="#000077">NetFax</FONT></H4>

<P><TT>NetFax</TT> is a freely available fax-spooling system that provides Group

3 fax transmission and reception services for a networked Linux system. It requires

a fax modem that accepts Class 2 fax commands.

<H4 ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="Heading55<FONT COLOR="#000077">NetHack</FONT></H4>

<P><TT>NetHack</TT> is a display-oriented adventure game that supports both ASCII

and X displays.

<H4 ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="Heading56<FONT COLOR="#000077">NIH Class Library</FONT></H4>

<P>The NIH Class Library is a portable collection of C++ classes, similar to those

in <TT>Smalltalk-80</TT>, that has been developed by Keith Gorlen of the National

Institutes of Health (NIH) using the C++ programming language.

<H4 ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="Heading57<FONT COLOR="#000077">nvi</FONT></H4>

<P><TT>nvi</TT> is a free implementation of the <TT>vi</TT> text editor. It has enhancements

over <TT>vi</TT> including split screens with multiple buffers, the capability to

handle 8-bit data, infinite file and line lengths, tag stacks, infinite undo, and

extended regular expressions.

<H4 ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="Heading58<FONT COLOR="#000077">octave</FONT></H4>

<P><TT>octave</TT> is a high-level language primarily intended for numerical computations.

It provides a convenient command-line interface for solving linear and nonlinear

problems numerically.</P>

<P><TT>octave</TT> does arithmetic for real and complex scalars and matrices, solves

sets of nonlinear algebraic equations, integrates functions over finite and infinite

intervals, and integrates systems of ordinary differential and differential-algebraic

equations.

<H4 ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="Heading59<FONT COLOR="#000077">oleo</FONT></H4>

<P><TT>oleo</TT> is a spreadsheet program that supports X displays and character-based

terminals. It can output encapsulated PostScript renditions of spreadsheets and uses

<TT>Emacs</TT>-like configurable keybindings. Under X and in PostScript output, <TT>oleo</TT>

supports variable-width fonts.

<H4 ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="Heading60<FONT COLOR="#000077">p2c</FONT></H4>

<P><TT>p2c</TT> translates from Pascal code to C. It recognizes many Pascal variants

including Turbo, HP, VAX, and ISO, and produces entirely usable C source code.

<H4 ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="Heading61<FONT COLOR="#000077">patch</FONT></H4>

<P><TT>patch</TT> is a program that takes the output from <TT>diff</TT> and applies

the resulting differences to the original file in order to generate the modified

version. It would be useful for developing a source code control system, if one were

so inclined.

<H4 ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="Heading62<FONT COLOR="#000077">PCL</FONT></H4>

<P><TT>PCL</TT> is a free implementation of a large subset of <TT>CLOS</TT>, the

Common Lisp Object System. It runs under <TT>CLISP</TT>, mentioned earlier.

<H4 ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="Heading63<FONT COLOR="#000077">perl</FONT></H4>

<P><TT>perl</TT> is a programming language developed by Larry Wall that combines

the features and capabilities of <TT>sed</TT>, <TT>awk</TT>, shell programming, and

C, as well as interfaces to system calls and many C library routines. It has become

wildly popular for sophisticated applications that are not dependent on complex data

structures. A &quot;perl&quot; mode for editing <TT>perl</TT> code comes with GNU

<TT>Emacs</TT> included on this distribution.

<H4 ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="Heading64<FONT COLOR="#000077">ptx</FONT></H4>

<P>GNU <TT>ptx</TT> is the GNU version of the traditional permuted index generator.

It can handle multiple input files at once, produce <TT>TeX</TT>-compatible output,

and produce readable KWIC (KeyWords In Context) indexes without needing to use the

<TT>nroff</TT> program.

<H4 ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="Heading65<FONT COLOR="#000077">rc</FONT></H4>

<P><TT>rc</TT> is a shell that features C-like syntax (even more so than <TT>csh</TT>)

and better quoting rules than the C and Bourne shells. It can be used interactively

or in scripts.

<H4 ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="Heading66<FONT COLOR="#000077">RCS</FONT></H4>

<P>The Revision Control System (RCS) is used for version control and management of

software projects. When used with GNU <TT>diff</TT>, RCS can handle binary files

such as executables and object files. For more information on RCS, refer to Chapter

55.

<H4 ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="Heading67<FONT COLOR="#000077">recode</FONT></H4>

<P>GNU <TT>recode</TT> converts files between character sets and usages. When exact

transformations are not possible, it may get rid of any offending characters or revert

to approximations. This program recognizes or produces nearly 150 different character

sets and is able to transform files between almost any pair.

<H4 ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="Heading68<FONT COLOR="#000077">regex</FONT></H4>

<P><TT>regex</TT> is the GNU regular expression library whose routines have been

used within many GNU programs. Now it is finally available by itself. A faster version

of this library comes with the <TT>sed</TT> editor.

<H4 ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="Heading69<FONT COLOR="#000077">Scheme</FONT></H4>

<P><TT>Scheme</TT> is a language that is related to LISP. The chief difference is

that <TT>Scheme</TT> can pass functions as arguments to another function, it can

return a function as the result of a function call, and functions can be the value

of an expression without being defined under a particular name.

<H4 ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="Heading70<FONT COLOR="#000077">screen</FONT></H4>

<P><TT>screen</TT> is a terminal multiplexer that runs several separate &quot;screens&quot;

(ttys) on a single physical character-based terminal. Each virtual terminal emulates

a DEC VT100 plus additional functions. <TT>screen</TT> sessions can be idled and

resumed later on a different terminal type.

<H4 ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="Heading71<FONT COLOR="#000077">sed</FONT></H4>

<P><TT>sed</TT> is a non-interactive, stream-oriented version of <TT>ed</TT>. It

is used frequently in shell scripts and is extremely useful for applying repetitive

edits to a collection of files or to create conversion programs. GNU <TT>sed</TT>

comes with the <TT>rx</TT> library, which is a faster version of <TT>regex</TT>.

<H4 ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="Heading72<FONT COLOR="#000077">shellutils</FONT></H4>

<P><TT>shellutils</TT> can be used interactively or in shell scripts and includes

the following programs: <TT>basename</TT>, <TT>date</TT>, <TT>dirname</TT>, <TT>echo</TT>,

<TT>env</TT>, <TT>expr</TT>, <TT>false</TT>, <TT>groups</TT>, <TT>id</TT>, <TT>nice</TT>,

<TT>nohup</TT>, <TT>printenv</TT>, <TT>printf</TT>, <TT>sleep</TT>, <TT>stty</TT>,

<TT>su</TT>, <TT>tee</TT>, <TT>test</TT>, <TT>true</TT>, <TT>tty</TT>, <TT>uname</TT>,

<TT>who</TT>, <TT>whoami</TT>, and <TT>yes</TT>.

<H4 ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="Heading73<FONT COLOR="#000077">GNU Shogi</FONT></H4>

<P>Shogi is a Japanese game similar to chess, with the exception that captured pieces

can be returned to play. GNU <TT>Shogi</TT> is based on the implementation of GNU

<TT>Chess</TT>: it implements the same features and uses similar heuristics. As a

new feature, sequences of partial board patterns can be introduced in order to help

the program play a good order of moves toward specific opening patterns. There are

both character- and X-display interfaces.

<H4 ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="Heading74<FONT COLOR="#000077">Smalltalk</FONT></H4>

<P>GNU <TT>Smalltalk</TT> is an interpreted object-oriented programming language

system written in C. <TT>Smalltalk</TT> itself has become extremely popular among

programmers recently and tends to be regarded as a &quot;pure&quot; object-oriented

implementation language.</P>

<P>The features of GNU <TT>Smalltalk</TT> include a binary image save capability,

the ability to invoke user-written C code and pass parameters to it, a GNU <TT>Emacs</TT>

editing mode, a version of the X protocol that can be called from within <TT>Smalltalk</TT>,

and automatically loaded per-user initialization files. It implements all of the

classes and protocol in <TT>Smalltalk-80</TT>, except for the graphic user interface

(GUI) related classes.

<H4 ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="Heading75<FONT COLOR="#000077">superopt</FONT></H4>

<P><TT>superopt</TT> is a function sequence generator that uses a repetitive generate-and-test

approach to find the shortest instruction sequence for a given function. The interface

is simple: you provide the GNU superoptimizer, <TT>gso</TT>, a function, a CPU to

generate code for, and how many instructions you can accept.

<H4 ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="Heading76<FONT COLOR="#000077">tar</FONT></H4>

<P>GNU <TT>tar</TT> is a file-archiving program that includes multivolume support,

automatic archive compression/decompression, remote archives, and special features

that allow <TT>tar</TT> to be used for incremental and full backups.

<H4 ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="Heading77<FONT COLOR="#000077">termcap Library</FONT></H4>

<P>The GNU <TT>termcap</TT> library is a replacement for the <TT>libtermcap.a</TT>

library. It does not place an arbitrary limit on the size of <TT>termcap</TT> entries,

unlike most other <TT>termcap</TT> libraries.

<H4 ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="Heading78<FONT COLOR="#000077">TeX</FONT></H4>

<P><TT>TeX</TT> is a document-formatting system that handles complicated typesetting,

including mathematics. It is GNU's standard text formatter. For more information

on <TT>TeX</TT>, please refer to Chapter 19, &quot;<TT>TeX</TT>.&quot;

<H4 ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="Heading79<FONT COLOR="#000077">texinfo</FONT></H4>

<P><TT>texinfo</TT> is a set of utilities that generate both printed manuals and

online hypertext-style documentation (called &quot;Info&quot;). There are also programs

for reading online Info documents. Version 3 has both GNU <TT>Emacs</TT> LISP and

standalone programs written in C or shell script. The <TT>texinfo</TT> mode for GNU

<TT>Emacs</TT> enables easy editing and updating of <TT>texinfo</TT> files. Programs

provided include <TT>makeinfo</TT>, <TT>info</TT>, <TT>texi2dvi</TT>, <TT>texindex</TT>,

<TT>tex2patch</TT>, and <TT>fixfonts</TT>.

<H4 ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="Heading80<FONT COLOR="#000077">textutils</FONT></H4>

<P>The <TT>textutils</TT> programs manipulate textual data and include the following

traditional programs: <TT>cat</TT>, <TT>cksum</TT>, <TT>comm</TT>, <TT>csplit</TT>,

<TT>cut</TT>, <TT>expand</TT>, <TT>fold</TT>, <TT>head</TT>, <TT>join</TT>, <TT>nl</TT>,

<TT>od</TT>, <TT>paste</TT>, <TT>pr</TT>, <TT>sort</TT>, <TT>split</TT>, <TT>sum</TT>,

<TT>tac</TT>, <TT>tail</TT>, <TT>tr</TT>, <TT>unexpand</TT>, <TT>uniq</TT>, and <TT>wc</TT>.

<H4 ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="Heading81<FONT COLOR="#000077">Tile Forth</FONT></H4>

<P><TT>Tile Forth</TT> is a 32-bit implementation of the <TT>Forth-83</TT> standard

written in C. Traditionally, Forth implementations are written in assembler to use

the underlying hardware as optimally as possible, but this also makes them less portable.

<H4 ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="Heading82<FONT COLOR="#000077">time</FONT></H4>

<P><TT>time</TT> is used to report statistics (usually from a shell) about the amount

of user, system, and real time used by a process.

<H4 ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="Heading83<FONT COLOR="#000077">tput</FONT></H4>

<P><TT>tput</TT> is a portable way for shell scripts to use special terminal capabilities.

GNU <TT>tput</TT> uses the <TT>termcap</TT> database, instead of <TT>terminfo</TT>

as many others do.

<H4 ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="Heading84<FONT COLOR="#000077">UUCP</FONT></H4>

<P>This version of <TT>UUCP</TT> (UNIX-to-UNIX copy) supports the <TT>f</TT>, <TT>g</TT>,

<TT>v</TT> (in all window and packet sizes), <TT>G</TT>, <TT>t</TT>, <TT>e</TT>,

Zmodem, and two new bi-directional (<TT>i</TT> and <TT>j</TT>) protocols. If you

have a Berkeley sockets library, it can make TCP connections. If you have TLI libraries,

it can make TLI connections.

<H4 ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="Heading85<FONT COLOR="#000077">uuencode/uudecode</FONT></H4>

<P><TT>uuencode</TT> and <TT>uudecode</TT> are used to transmit binary files over

transmission media that support only simple ASCII data.

<H4 ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="Heading86<FONT COLOR="#000077">wdiff</FONT></H4>

<P><TT>wdiff</TT> is another interface to the GNU <TT>diff</TT> program. It compares

two files, finding which words have been deleted or added to the first in order to

create the second. It has many output formats and interacts well with terminals and

programs such as <TT>more</TT>. <TT>wdiff</TT> is especially useful when two texts

differ only by a few words and paragraphs have been refilled.

<H3 ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="Heading87<FONT COLOR="#000077">Summary</FONT></H3>

<P>The GNU project provides UNIX-like software freely to everyone, with the provision

that it remains free if distributed to others. GNU software can be compiled for many

different types of systems, including Linux. Many GNU utilities are improvements

of existing Linux counterparts and include new implementations of shells, the C compiler,

and a code debugger. Other types of GNU software include games, text editors, calculators,

and communication utilities. Each utility can be separately un-compressed, un-<TT>tar</TT>red,

and compiled itself.









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